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EMS > chapter 6 - the human body > Flashcards

chapter 6 - the human body Flashcards

1
Q

The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones

A

Cranium

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2
Q

The bone of the lower jaw

A

Mandible

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3
Q

A neurotransmitter and drug sometimes used in the treatment of shock; produces vasoconstriction through its alpha-stimulator properties

A

Norepinephrine

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4
Q

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

Ilium

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5
Q

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgement

A

brain

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6
Q

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

A

Oropharynx

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7
Q

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs

A

Sebaceous glands

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8
Q

The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly

A

Acetabulum

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9
Q

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint

A

Joint capsule

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10
Q

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carried to another organ or group of cells in the same organism

A

hormones

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11
Q

The fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

A

tendons

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12
Q

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration

A

residual volume

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13
Q

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body

A

femur

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14
Q

An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells

A

hemoglobin

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15
Q

Bones of the hand; situated between the carpals and phalanges

A

Metacarpals

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16
Q

Pertaining to the nerves that release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, or noradrenaline

A

Adrenergic

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17
Q

The supporting structure for the arms, which attaches the arms to the axial skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle

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18
Q

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

A

Gallbladder

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19
Q

The small organs that produce hair

A

Hair follicles

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20
Q

The bones of the vertebral column

A

Vertebrae

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21
Q

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will

A

voluntary muscle

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22
Q

The resistance that blood must overcome to be able to move within the blood vessels; related to the amount of dilation or constriction in the blood vessel

A

Systemic vascular resistance

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23
Q

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur

A

Lesser trochanter

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24
Q

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels

A

Thorax

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25
Q

Muscles that encircle and, by contracting, construct a duct, tube, or opening

A

Sphincters

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26
Q

The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

A

cervical spine

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27
Q

The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma

A

Orbit

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28
Q

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels

A

Dermis

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29
Q

An organ that lies below the midbrain and above the medulla and contains numerous important nerve fibers, including those for sleep, respiration, and the medullary respiratory center

A

Pons

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30
Q

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular functions

A

Shock

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31
Q

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control

A

Somatic nervous system

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32
Q

The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side

A

fibula

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33
Q

The tubes that connect each ovary with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum

A

Fallopian tubes

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34
Q

The shinbone; the larger of the two bones of the lower leg

A

Tibia

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35
Q

Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

A

intervertebral disks

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36
Q

The middle and thickest layer of tissue of a blood vessel wall

A

Tunica media

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37
Q

The bones of the cranium that form the forehead

A

Frontal bones

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38
Q

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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39
Q

A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine

A

Urinary bladder

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40
Q

The biochemical processes that result in production of energy from nutrients within the cells

A

Metabolism

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41
Q

One of three bones that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

A

Sacrum

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42
Q

The muscle in the back of the upper arm

A

triceps

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43
Q

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function

A

Hypoperfusion

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44
Q

Joints that have grown together to form a very stable connection

A

Symphyses

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45
Q

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine

A

coccyx

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46
Q

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward

A

anatomic position

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47
Q

A rounded bony prominence on either side of the ankle

A

Malleolus

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48
Q

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1,200 mL in the average adult man

A

expiratory reserve volume

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49
Q

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs

A

systemic circulation

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50
Q

The upper quarter of the sternum

A

Manubrium

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51
Q

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes

A

pancreas

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52
Q

The collarbone

A

Clavicle

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53
Q

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura

A

pleural space

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54
Q

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles

A

systole

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55
Q

The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body

A

Aorta

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56
Q

The watery secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings

A

mucus

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57
Q

The linings of the body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body

A

Mucous membranes

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58
Q

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause construction of blood vessels

A

Alpha-adrenergic receptors

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59
Q

The reproduction system in men and women

A

genital system

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60
Q

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts

A

Respiratory system

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61
Q

The substance that leaves the stomach

A

chyme

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62
Q

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint

A

skeletal muscle

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63
Q

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries

A

pulse

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64
Q

Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content

A

kidneys

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65
Q

The part of the brain that is responsible for helping to regulate the level of consciousness

A

Midbrain

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66
Q

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx

A

Cricothyroid membrane

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67
Q

The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery

A

Femoral artery

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68
Q

Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body

A

Subcutaneous tissue

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69
Q

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

A

Arterioles

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70
Q

Cells that carry oxygen to the body’s tissues

A

Red blood cells

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71
Q

The supporting bone of the upper arm

A

Humerus

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72
Q

Blood cells that have a role in the body’s immune defense system mechanisms against infection

A

white blood cells

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73
Q

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

pubis

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74
Q

The pressure of water to move, typically into the capillary, as the result of the presence of plasma proteins

A

Oncotic pressure

75
Q

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion

A

plasma

76
Q

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

A

pulmonary veins

77
Q

A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen

A

appendix

78
Q

The most posterior bone of the cranium

A

occipital bone

79
Q

The ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine

A

Bile ducts

80
Q

One of the two lower chambers of the heart

A

ventricle

81
Q

A small, hollow tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

ureter

82
Q

The outermost or dead layer of the skin

A

stratum corneum

83
Q

The study of how normal physiological processes are affected by disease

A

Pathophysiology

84
Q

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate

A

hinge joints

85
Q

The shoulder blade

A

scapula

86
Q

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs per minute

A

Minute volume

87
Q

A medication that increases heart rate and blood pressure but also eases breathing problems

A

epinephrine

88
Q

Thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

A

Chordae tendineae

89
Q

Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues

A

Hypoxia

90
Q

The outer layer of skin

A

Epidermis

91
Q

Substances designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions

A

Enzymes

92
Q

One of the two upper chambers of the heart

A

atriums

93
Q

A cone-shaped area that collects urine from the kidneys and funnels it through the ureter into the bladder

A

renal pelvis

94
Q

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts

A

coronal plane

95
Q

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain

A

carotid artery

96
Q

A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant below the diaphragm

A

liver

97
Q

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place

A

alveoli

98
Q

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, vertebral column and rib cage

A

axial skeleton

99
Q

Behind the abdominal cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

100
Q

The major vessel in the upper extremities that supplies blood to the arm

A

Brachial artery

101
Q

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring

A

ischium

102
Q

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain

A

cerebellum

103
Q

The wavelike contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents

A

peristalsis

104
Q

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body

A

Motor nerves

105
Q

An imaginary line where the body is divided into left and right parts

A

sagittal plane

106
Q

The outermost cavity of a woman’s reproductive tract

A

vagina

107
Q

The amount of air that is moved into or out of the lungs during one breath

A

Tidal volume

108
Q

The relaxation of the heart, especially of the ventricles

A

Diastole

109
Q

The deepest layer of the epidermis

A

germinal layer

110
Q

The bending of a joint

A

flexion

111
Q

A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending

A

Ball-and-socket joint

112
Q

The process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

Respiration

113
Q

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body

A

nervous system

114
Q

The function units of the nervous system

A

Neurons

115
Q

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients with cardiac arrest

A

Agonal gasps

116
Q

Tiny, oval-shaped structures located in various places along the lymph vessels that filter lymph

A

lymph nodes

117
Q

The exchange of air between the lungs and the environment

A

ventilation

118
Q

The framework of the body, composed of bones and other connective tissues, that supports and protects internal organs and other body tissues

A

skeletal system

119
Q

The flow of blood through body tissues and vessels

A

perfusion

120
Q

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column

A

sacroiliac joint

121
Q

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate and bronchial dilation

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors

122
Q

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body

A

digestion

123
Q

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle

A

appendicular skeleton

124
Q

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between the body tissues and the blood

A

capillary vessels

125
Q

The space in between the cells

A

interstitial space

126
Q

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

127
Q

The number of heartbeats during a specific time

A

heart rate

128
Q

The windpipe

A

trachea

129
Q

The inability of the body to move gas effectively

A

respiratory compromise

130
Q

An imaginary line where the body is divided into top and bottom parts

A

transverse plane

131
Q

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them

A

blood pressure

132
Q

The lateral bones on each side of the cranium; the temples

A

temporal bones

133
Q

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth

A

nasopharynx

134
Q

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them

A

topographic anatomy

135
Q

A thin, straw-colored fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to the cells and carries away waste products of metabolism away from the cells

A

lymph

136
Q

The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular contraction

A

stroke volume

137
Q

The bones that lie between the temporal and occipital regions of the cranium

A

parietal bones

138
Q

The artery just behind the medial malleolus

A

posterior tibial artery

139
Q

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone

A

zygomas

140
Q

The lining of the joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space

A

synovial membrane

141
Q

The straightening of a joint

A

extension

142
Q

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thorax, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

A

pleura

143
Q

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen

A

aerobic metabolism

144
Q

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; Adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

145
Q

The pressure of water against the walls of its container

A

hydrostatic pressure

146
Q

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication

A

synovial fluid

147
Q

The structure formed by the 33 vertebrae, separated by intervertebral disks; the spinal column

A

vertebral column

148
Q

The group of bones situated between the lower leg bones and the metatarsal bones of the foot

A

tarsals

149
Q

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist

A

salivary glands

150
Q

The bones of the fingers and toes

A

phalanges

151
Q

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart

A

inferior vena cava

152
Q

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five non fused vertebrae

A

lumbar spine

153
Q

Tiny, disc-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding

A

platelets

154
Q

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

155
Q

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair

A

scalp

156
Q

A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder

A

prostate gland

157
Q

Fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm

A

semen

158
Q

An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

A

hypercapnia

159
Q

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges

A

cerebrospinal fluid

160
Q

Involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract

A

smooth muscle

161
Q

A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen

A

lactic acid

162
Q

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

A

heart

163
Q

Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones

A

ligaments

164
Q

The knee cap

A

patella

165
Q

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control

A

involuntary muscle

166
Q

The complex arrangement of connected tubes that moves blood oxygen and nutrients throughout the body

A

circulatory system

167
Q

The place where two bones come into contact

A

joint

168
Q

The supporting structure for the legs, which serves to connect the legs to the axial skeleton

A

pelvic girdle

169
Q

A measurement that examines how much gas is being moved effectively and how much blood is flowing around the alveoli where gas exchange occurs

A

V/Q ratio

170
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls active functions such as responding to fear

A

sympathetic nervous system

171
Q

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint

A

greater trochanter

172
Q

The breast bone

A

sternum

173
Q

A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm

A

testicle

174
Q

The part of the autonomic nervous system that controls vegetative functions such as digestion of food and relaxation

A

parasympathetic nervous system

175
Q

The primary female reproductive organs that produce an ovum, or egg that if fertilized, will develop into a fetus

A

ovaries

176
Q

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals

A

Dorsalis pedis artery

177
Q

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

diffusion

178
Q

Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate

A

seminal vesicles

179
Q

The heart muscle

A

cardiac muscle

180
Q

The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provides cushioning between bones

A

cartilage

181
Q

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

182
Q

The nerves that carry sensations such as touch, taste, smell, heat, cold and pain from the body to the central nervous system

A

sensory nerves

183
Q

A pearly white layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces of bones in synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage

184
Q

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

small intestine

EMS (23 decks)

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