Lecture 11 2/14/24

Question 1

What are the pros of viral-vectored vaccines?

Answer 1

-no adjuvant
-safer
-induces strong humoral and cellular responses

Question 2

What is the con of viral-vectored vaccines?

Answer 2

pre-existing immunity to the vector can reduce vaccine efficacy

Question 3

What is an example of a viral-vectored vaccine?

Answer 3

canarypox-vectored influenza vx

Question 4

What are the pros of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 4

-induces strong, long-lasting immunity due to replication of the virus
-similar to natural infection

Question 5

What are the cons of live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 5

-risk for reversion to virulence
-risk in immunocompromised animals/species that are not the natural host

Question 6

What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?

Answer 6

distemper vx

Question 7

What is the pro of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 7

killed pathogen that cannot replicate

Question 8

What is the con of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 8

requires adjuvants and boosters

Question 9

What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 9

rabies vx

Question 10

What is the pro of subunit vaccines?

Answer 10

incapable of causing disease

Question 11

What are the cons of subunit vaccines?

Answer 11

-may not mimic natural infection
-weaker immune response
-requires adjuvants and boosters

Question 12

What are the pros of nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 12

-rapidly developed in response to emerging diseases
-highly specific to targeted pathogen

Question 13

What are the cons of nucleic acid vaccines?

Answer 13

-new tech. with unknown long-term effects
-storage/handling may require cold chain

Question 14

Which organization sets standards for vaccine testing and approval in animals?

Answer 14

USDA

Question 15

What are the goals of clinical trials?

Answer 15

-establish vx safety and immunogenicity
-determine optimal dose and schedule
-monitor for potential side effects/adverse rxns

Question 16

What is the function of post-marketing surveillance?

Answer 16

to determine if vaccines have any adverse effects after licensing

Question 17

What considerations must be accounted for when developing vaccines?

Answer 17

-safety
-efficacy
-cost of R&D
-cost-effectiveness
-ethics

Question 18

What are vaccine antigens?

Answer 18

active ingredients that stimulate the immune system to produce a targeted response against a specific antigen

Question 19

What are vaccine adjuvants?

Answer 19

-substances added to vaccines to enhance the body’s immune response to the antigen
-may reduce amount of antigen needed

Question 20

Which innovative delivery systems are being used for vaccines?

Answer 20

-nanoparticles
-gene-based vaccines
-edible vaccines

Question 21

What are the characteristics of the immune response to vaccination?

Answer 21

-mimics natural infection to stimulate an immune response
-memory cells provide long-term immunity

Question 22

What factors affect the immune response?

Answer 22

-age
-genetic factors
-maternal antibodies
-waning immunity
-immunosuppression

Question 23

What vaccine considerations exist for African Swine Fever?

Answer 23

-no fully effective vx available yet
-recent efforts focusing on live attenuated vx

Question 24

What vaccine consideration exists for Avian Influenza?

Answer 24

high mutation rate of the virus necessitates ongoing research to keep vx effective against emerging strains

Question 25

What are the advantages of SQ vaccine administration?

Answer 25

-slower absorption than IM
-suitable for vx that may cause reactions if injected IM

Question 26

What are the advantages of IM vaccine administration?

Answer 26

-rapid absorption
-suitable for vx designed to provoke strong immune response

Question 27

What is the advantage of intranasal vaccine administration?

Answer 27

localized immune response in the mucosa