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virology > Lecture 22-23 4/23/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 22-23 4/23/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of equine papillomavirus/equine sarcoids?

A

-skin warts of horses
-not as common as those in cattle
-typically seen on nose and around lips of young horses
-small, elevated, papillary masses
-most common equine skin tumor
-often self-limiting

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of equine influenza virus?

A

-type A influenza
-highly contagious
-accounts for majority of upper resp. infections in horses
-able to undergo antigenic drift and shift
-spread via aerosol
-infects and replicates in both upper and lower resp. tracts

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of equine influenza?

A

-inflammation and serous discharge
-febrile for 4-5 days
-cough
-depression and/or inappetence

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4
Q

Why is it important that equine influenza severely damages resp. epithelium and destroys the mucociliary apparatus?

A

predisposes horses to secondary bacterial infection, esp. with gram-neg aerobic bact.

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5
Q

How is equine influenza virus diagnosed?

A

RT-PCR on nasal swab
-serological testing

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6
Q

Which options are available for equine influenza prevention?

A

-inactivated vaccines
-modified live intranasal vaccines

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of EHV-1?

A

-herpesvirus
-causes equine rhinopneumonitis
-once present in a population, it will stay

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8
Q

What are the common clinical signs of EHV-1?

A

-cough
-mucopurulent nasal discharge
-fever
-depression
-abnormal lung sounds

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9
Q

How does EHV-1 cause fetal death/abortion?

A

-after infection the upper resp. tract, EHV-1 infects the WBCs
-WBC infection causes viremia and dissemination of virus to repro. tract

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10
Q

What are the consequences of EHV-1 spreading to the CNS?

A

-thrombosis
-ischemic neural damage
-myeloencephalopathy (EHM)
-hindlimb paralysis
-cranial nerve abnormalities
-tail and anus paralysis

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11
Q

What are the risk factors for EHV?

A

-positive and susceptible horses in herd
-fall, winter, or spring season
-EHM in horses older than 3 years
-resp. disease in horses younger than 2 years
-abortion in mares at any age/gestation length

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12
Q

How is EHV-1 diagnosed?

A

-qPCR
–nasopharyngeal swabs if showing resp. signs
–whole blood if animal is viremic

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of using serum testing for EHV-1?

A

-does not indicate whether virus is actively present
-need paired titers to potentially identify infection
-can only be used to rule out infection in adult horses

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of doing CSF analysis when suspecting EHV-1?

A

-EHV-1 causes a yellow discoloration of CSF due to breakdown of RBCs
-not specific to EHV-1, but can rule it in or out

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15
Q

What are the treatment options for EHV-1?

A

-supportive care
-steroids to decrease CNS inflammation
-acyclovir and valacyclovir

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of EHV-1 prevention/control?

A

-inactivated and modified live vx available
-vx do not claim to protect against EHM and are contraindicated in neurologic animals
-viral shedding can occur 2 weeks after infection
-aborted materials are major source of virus

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of rabies in equine?

A

-invariably lethal and of public health significance
-five licensed rabies vx in the US
-“dumb” form leads to lots of drooling; can look like other diseases

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of eastern and western equine encephalitis?

A

-caused by alphaviruses
-maintained in environment by birds and mosquitos
-most common in mid-summer and fall
-present with fever, depression, blindness, ataxia, convulsions
-EEE is nearly always fatal; WEE has 30-40% mortality

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis?

A

-reportable foreign animal disease
-caused by an alphavirus
-transmitted by mosquitos
-rodent reservoir
-very deadly in humans; zoonotic

20
Q

How are the equine encephalitis viruses prevented?

A

-EEE and WEE vx are considered core vx
-VEE is a risk-based vx

21
Q

What must a practitioner weigh when deciding whether or not to vaccinate for VEE?

A

vaccination may confound testing in the event of an outbreak

22
Q

What are the characteristics of west nile virus?

A

-most significant insect-borne encephalitis virus in US
-flavivirus
-affects birds, humans, and horses
-causes ataxia and motor deficits
-fever is not consistently present

23
Q

How is west nile virus diagnosed?

A

serum immunoglobulin M ELISA

24
Q

How is west nile virus prevented?

A

-vaccination is considered core
-vx is currently licensed for horses and foals but not pregnant mares
-chimeric vx exists

25
Q

What are the characteristics of rotaviruses?

A

-nonenveloped RNA viruses
-causes foal diarrhea
-morbidity is often high; mortality is low
-inactivated vaccine is licensed for use in pregnant mares to induce colostral antibodies

26
Q

How is rotavirus diagnosed?

A

-ELISA
-rapid antigen detection kits

27
Q

What are the characteristics of equine coronavirus?

A

-common but highly contagious
-causes colitis and diarrhea
-additional clinical signs include anorexia, lethargy, fever
-generally resolves with minimal supportive care

28
Q

How is equine coronavirus diagnosed?

A

molecular detection/RT-qPCR on feces (antemortem) or intestinal tissue (postmortem)

29
Q

How is equine coronavirus prevented?

A

-any horse with clinical signs should be strictly isolated
-strict isolation procedures and secondary quarantine of source stable after virus is confirmed
-cleaning and disinfection

30
Q

What are the characteristics of equine infectious anemia?

A

-caused by a lentivirus (a retrovirus)
-closely related to HIV-1
-reportable
-once infected, a horse remains so for life

31
Q

How is EIA transmitted?

A

-blood feeding flies
-unclean/reused medical supplies
-in utero from mare to foal

32
Q

What happens when an animal survives the acute phase of EIA?

A

they become a chronic, in-apparent carrier

33
Q

How is EIA diagnosed?

A

serologic detection at an EIA approved lab
-agar gel immunodiffusion
-ELISA

34
Q

Which proteins from EIA are detected on serologic testing?

A

-p26 capsid protein (AGID and ELISA)
-gp45 glycoprotein (ELISA only)

35
Q

How is EIA prevented?

A

-reducing exposure to biting flies
-never reusing needles/syringes/IV sets
-blood transfusions performed by licensed individuals with tested blood
-surveillance and testing
-NO VX

36
Q

How far away should a suspected EIA horse be moved from other horses, and why?

A

200 yards; the biting flies that spread the virus cannot travel this far

37
Q

What are the characteristics of equine viral arteritis?

A

-caused by an arterivirus
-typically causes minimal clinical signs and recovery occurs without incident; can go undetected
-can cause abortion in pregnant mares
-breeding stallions can be long term carriers

38
Q

What are the possible clinical signs for equine viral arteritis?

A

-fever
-depression
-anorexia
-edema
-hives
-conjunctivitis
-abortions/stillbirths
-decreased fertility

39
Q

How is equine viral arteritis transmitted?

A

resp. secretions in close contact settings

40
Q

How is equine viral arteritis diagnosed?

A

RT-qPCR on nasopharyngeal swabs and whole blood

41
Q

How is equine viral arteritis prevented?

A

-modified live vx
-determining known carriers
-biosecurity

42
Q

What are the characteristics of vesicular stomatitis?

A

-arbovirus
-spread by biting flies and midges
-reportable
-zoonotic
-causes vesicular lesions
-differential is FMD, which horses do not get

43
Q

How is VSV diagnosed and treated?

A

-clinical signs
-serologic or antigen detection
-supportive care

44
Q

How is VSV controlled?

A

-biosecurity
-vector control
-involvement of state vet

45
Q

Which vaccines are considered core?

A

-EEE and WEE
-rabies
-west nile virus
-tetanus

virology (22 decks)

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