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Chemistry GCSE > The Earth's Atmosphere > Flashcards

The Earth's Atmosphere Flashcards

1
Q

Now Earth’s Atmosphere:
Oxygen =

A

21%

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2
Q

Now Earth’s Atmosphere:
Carbon Dioxide =

A

0.04%

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3
Q

Now Earth’s Atmosphere:
Argon =

A

Less than 1%

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4
Q

Now Earth’s Atmosphere:
Other Gasses =

A

Less than 1%

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5
Q

Now Earth’s Atmosphere:
Nitrogen =

A

78%

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6
Q

Example of other gasses in atmosphere in small quantities?

A

Noble Gasses

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7
Q

What was believed to have occurred in the first billion years of Earth?

A

Age of Volcanoes

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8
Q

What was given into atmosphere lots by the early volcanoes?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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9
Q

What was given into the atmosphere little by the early volcanoes?

A

Methane
Nitrogen
Water Vapour
Ammonia

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10
Q

How did oceans form?

A

Water Vapour condensed

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11
Q

How did the Carbon Dioxide levels decrease?

A

Dissolved CO2 reacted with Saltwater to form Carbonate precipitates. These deposited as sediment

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12
Q

What dominated the early atmosphere?

A

Carbon Dioxide

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13
Q

What did Oxygen allow to form in atmosphere? What did this mean?

A

Oxygen allowed an ozone layer to form in atmosphere –> this meant that dangerous ultra-violet light didn’t reach the earth’s surface –> Life could now survive outside of the water

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14
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which light energy is used to produce oxygen and glucose with carbon dioxide and water

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15
Q

What were the first photosynthetic plants to evolve?

A

Algae

(2.5-2.7 billion years ago)

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16
Q

3 ways carbon dioxide decreased in the atmosphere?

A

Sea formation
Plants
Marine Animals

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17
Q

How do marine animals decrease levels of CO2?

A

Carbonate is used to bind their shells and skeletons

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18
Q

Greenhouse Effect:
What does the sun emit?

A

Short-wavelength radiation

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19
Q

Greenhouse Effect:
What does the Earth reflect back into the atmosphere?

A

Long-wavelength radiation

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20
Q

Greenhouse Effect:
What can Greenhouse gasses absorb?

A

Long-wavelength radiation

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21
Q

Greenhouse Effect:
What can’t Greenhouse gasses absorb?

A

Short-wavelength radiation

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22
Q

Greenhouse Effect:
What do the Greenhouse Gasses re-radiate into the atmosphere?

A

The long-wavelength radiation re-radiates in all directions as heat energy

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23
Q

Too low conc of Greenhouse gasses?

A

Temp on earth is too cold, can’t support life.

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24
Q

4 ways Greenhouse gasses increase?

A
  • Agriculture
  • Deforestation
  • Landfill sites
  • Burning fossil fuels
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25
Q

What do farm animals release during digestion?

A

Methane

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26
Q

Cutting down trees leads to –>

A

Less photosynthesis –> Less CO2 removed from Earth’s atmosphere

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27
Q

What does the process of decomposition release?

A

Methane

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28
Q

What do landfill sites do?

A

Increasing in number
More decomposing waste
Methane released during decomposition
More methane in earth’s atmosphere

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29
Q

What does burning fossil fuels do?

A

Release Carbonates stored away for billions of years

30
Q

Why is Antarctica so cold?

A

White is the most reflective colour
It reflects the most of the sun’s short-wavelength radiation

31
Q

How is Climate Change checked?

A

It’s been peer reviewed

32
Q

Why is it difficult to make models of the earth’s climate? What does this mean for climate change?

A
  • The global climate system is complicated
  • Scientists are left to speculate on not enough information
33
Q

How do untruthful facts about climate change spread/

A

Through the media

34
Q

Effects of Climate change?

A
  • Melting of polar ice caps
  • Meteorological events (storms) will increase
  • Changes in water availability
  • Changes in precipitation
  • Food shortages
35
Q

How to minimise Carbon Footprint?

A
  • Maximise efficiency of energy usage
  • Minimise waste
  • Using renewable energy sources as an alternative to fossil fuels
36
Q

How can governments reduce their carbon footprint?

A
  • Emission-based taxes
  • Emission caps
  • Emission licenses up to a certain cap
37
Q

Where does carbon capture and storage store carbon dioxide?

A

Underground

38
Q

What is carbon-off setting?

A

Counteract emissions by planting trees which will take in CO2

39
Q

What are carbon-neutral products?

A

don’t change atmosphere’s CO2 concentration

40
Q

Carbon Footprint?

A

The measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted as a result of a particular service, event or product

41
Q

Why is reducing Carbon Footprint hard?

A
  • Governments worry it’s expensive
  • Some scientists don’t agree about its cause
  • Countries have different opinions on the right course of action
  • People don’t want to change their lifestyle
  • Insufficient education
42
Q

Incomplete combusion

A

When fuels are burnt with insufficient oxygen

43
Q

Problematic by-products of Incomplete combusion?

A

Carbon Monoxide –> Toxic
Particulates –> soot

44
Q

What is produced when Sulphur Oxidises?

A

Sulfur dioxide

45
Q

What impurity is present in all fossil fuels?

A

Sulfur

46
Q

When fossil fuels are burned in a small space, high temperature can lead to…

A

oxygen and nitrogen reacting to form nitrogen oxides

47
Q

Why is Carbon Monoxide difficult to detect?

A

Colourless and Odourless

48
Q

What does Carbon Monoxide do?

A

Bind to heamoglobin in red blood cells
Restricts body’s ability to transport oxygen through earth’s atmosphere

49
Q

Effects of Particulates?

A
  • Inhaling can cause respiratory problems
  • Reflect radiation out into space –> global dimming –> not enough light for photosynthesis
50
Q

Effects of Sulfur dioxide?

A
  • Inhaling causes respiratory issues
  • Reacts with water to form sulfuric acid, which is in acid rain
51
Q

Sulfur trioxide + Water –>

A

Sulfuric acid

52
Q

Effects of sulfuric acid in acid rain?

A
  • Corrosion of steel
  • Weathering of monuments. buildings, statues
  • Death of insects, plants, marine animals
53
Q

Effects of Nitrogen oxides?

A
  • Acid Rain
  • Photochemical smog
    —-> Cause asthma and death
54
Q

Sulfur Dioxide + Oxygen –>

A

sulfur trioxide

55
Q

Two reactions of Sulfur dioxide?

A

+ Oxygen –> Sulfur trioxide
Sulfur trioxide + Water –> Sulfuric acid

56
Q

Sulfur trioxide

A

SO3

57
Q

Sulfuric acid

A

H2SO4

58
Q

Acids which cause acid rain?

A

Nitric acid
Sulfuric acid

59
Q

Which nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines?

A

NO & NO2

60
Q

Complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

A
  • Lots of Oxygen
  • Releases maximum amount of energy
  • Products are CO2 + H2O
61
Q

Complete Combustion word equation

A

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water

62
Q

Incomplete combustion equation

A

hydrocarbon + Oxygen –> Carbon Monoxide + Water

63
Q

Climate change

A

long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns

64
Q

Plant deposits buried and compressed makes …

A

coal

65
Q

Plankton deposits buried and compressed makes …

A

crude oil

66
Q

3 types of fossil fuels

A
  • Crude oil
  • Coal
  • Natural gas
67
Q

How is limestone formed?

A

Marine animals and shells/skeletons fall to the bottom of the ocean. They are buried and compressed to form limestone

68
Q

Earths early atmosphere?
Carbon Dioxide –>

A

90%

69
Q

Earth’s early atmosphere?
Water vapour –>

A

5%

70
Q

Earth’s early atmosphere?
Nitrogen –>

A

<1%

71
Q
A

Chemistry GCSE (10 decks)

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