Lecture 2 pt 1

Question 1

Plato , Aristotle

Answer 1

believed life forms unchanged since the beginning + species are fixed

Question 2

Catastrophism

Answer 2

Large-scaled disaster destroy species
explains extinction and differences

Question 3

Lamarck

Answer 3

“drive to perfection” - proposed mechanism
1) use/disuse
2) inheritance of acquired traits

Question 4

Uniformitarianism

Answer 4

geological change occurs slowly and gradually
1) natural laws are always constant
3) scientist should explain past with same processes

Question 5

Darwin

Answer 5

Collected fossils, uniformitarianism , explanis fossils on mountain top

Question 6

Galapagos island

Answer 6

many endemic species found in one place

Question 7

Theory of natural selection

Answer 7

“descent with modification” =evolution
operates without ultimate goal
selects organism more fit to survive

Question 8

artificial selection

Answer 8

humans selecting desired traits _ breeding to emphasize those traits

Question 9

Direct observation ( evidence for evolution)

Answer 9

variation exists in a population
environment favors one variation over the other nature “selects” those with desirable features

Question 10

sedimentation

Answer 10

sand/silt is carried by rivers , organisms dies, lower layers are compressed

Question 11

Fossils

Answer 11

organic components(carbon) replaced with inorganic materials ( rock)

Question 12

Biogeography

Answer 12

Pangea “supercontinent”, continents drift apart, distribution of species reflects evolutionary and geologic change

Question 13

Homology

Answer 13

( shared ancestry ) similarity implies a common ancestry followed by adaptation + specialization

Question 14

Analogy

Answer 14

analogous structure, evolved independently to solve a problem but is not due to shared ancestry

Question 15

Convergent evolution

Answer 15

Wings for flight , emerged differently in mammals, birds, and insects

Question 16

Vestigial organs

Answer 16

leftover structures that have little if any function

Question 17

Microevolution

Answer 17

Small, change in frequency of alleles

Question 18

Genetic variation in population

Answer 18

existence of 2+ alleles in a population

Question 19

Gene pool

Answer 19

All alleles for all genes in that species

Question 20

Hardy Weinberg Rules

Answer 20

No new mutations
pop must be large
pop must be isolated
mating events must be random
random odds of survival
predicts no evolution and is in an equilibrium

Question 21

Genetic drift

Answer 21

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population

Question 22

Genetic drift : Bottle neck

Answer 22

Severe random reduction in pop size
decreases overall genetic variation

Question 23

Genetic drift: Founder effect

Answer 23

Colonization of a new habitat by a few individuals
- smaller colonies unlikely tp represent original genepool

Question 24

Gene flow

Answer 24

Movement or exchange of alleles between pops
( immigration - emigration)

Question 25

Genetic drift & gene flow–> natural selection

Answer 25

all of these are examples of evolution but not adaptation which comes from natural selection ,
happens by chance and sorting

Question 26

Sexual selection

Answer 26

example of natural selection ( has chance)
certain traits make individuals more likely to obtain mates
secondary sexual traits, differences not directly related to reproduction or fitness.