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psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the first stage of information processing?

A

Input: Perceiving sensory information from the environment, such as hearing a song on the radio.

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2
Q

What is the second stage of information processing?

A

Encoding: The information is converted into nerve impulses, where it is recognised by the brain.

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3
Q

What is the third stage of information processing?

A

Storage: Information is stored in the brain.

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4
Q

What is the fourth stage of information processing?

A

Retrieval: You search the memory store for the information you want to recall, for example the song you want to recall.

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5
Q

What is the fifth (final) stage of information processing?

A

Output: You, for example, sing the song you have just recalled

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6
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?

A

-bridge between STM and LTM

-Responsible for creating and strengthening new memories

-Combines information from all the senses into one experience

-Important in forming semantic memories

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7
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

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8
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

information about events we have personally experienced

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9
Q

What did Maguire et al. find?

A

The hippocampus of taxi drivers had a much larger volume than those of a control group.

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10
Q

What did Magire et al’s study prove?

A

Retaining a huge volume of information can change the volume of the hippocampus.

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11
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to form new memories after damage.

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12
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

The ‘control centre’ of the brain which is responsible for planning, organisation and making judgements.

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13
Q

Why can’t anterograde amnesia patients form new memories?

A

The information can’t pass from short term to long term memory. This can be caused by damage to the hippocampus.

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14
Q

Why can’t retrograde amnesia patients recall old memories?

A

Their frontal lobe (behind forehead) is damaged

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15
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

It is responsible for ‘motor’ skills. These are things like walking and being able to feed ourselves.

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16
Q

What is attention in memory encoding?

A

Which information we select to be encoded.

17
Q

What is the sensory memory store?

A

A type of storage that holds sensory information first for a few seconds or less.

18
Q

What is the short term memory store?

A

-Holds information longer than the sensory store (up to 30 seconds).

-Has a limited capacity, if it is exceeded, some held information can be displaced.

-Formed in the hippocampus

19
Q

What is the long term memory store?

A

stores information permanently

20
Q

What is retrieval failure?

A

When the information is in your memory but you fail to locate it

21
Q

What is the multi store model?

A

An explanation of how the memory works in terms of 3 stores:

Sensory Register

STM

LTM

Through flowing Storage systems

22
Q

How do memories move from short term to long term memory?

A

Rehearsal

23
Q

How do memories move from sensory to short term memory?

A

Attention

24
Q

What is the capacity of the long term, short term and sensory stores?

A

Long term: Infinite

Short term: 7 (+/-2 depending on memory size)

Sensory: Large

25
Q

What is the duration of the long term, short term and sensory stores?

A

Long term: Infinite

Short term: Up to 30 seconds

Sensory: 2 seconds

26
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

A memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.

27
Q

What is chunking information?

A

Remembering information in chunks rather than the full thing all at once, making it easier to memorise things.

For example: 016 323 459 673 is easier to remember than: 016323459673

28
Q

What are 4 criticisms of the multi-store model of memory?

A

-The multi-store model of memory is too simple.

-Neuropsychology has suggested that long-term memory is made up of more than one store.

-The model places too much importance on the role of rehearsal versus meaning.

-Psychologists have suggested that semantic processing (thinking about the meaning of the memory) is more important than just repeating the information.

29
Q

What are the 2 types of forgetting?

A

-Decay

-Displacement

30
Q

What is displacement?

A

When a memory store gets full so new information pushes out old information. (not in long term memory)

31
Q

What is decay?

A

loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used

32
Q

What are cues?

A

Things that can trigger a memory

33
Q

What are context cues?

A

‘External’ cues

34
Q

What are state cues?

A

‘Internal’ cues such as emotional state

35
Q

What is a case study for memory?

A

Clive wearing

36
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The inability to recall memories of the past, after damage.

37
Q

What part of the brain affects procedural memory?

A

The cerebellum

psychology (24 decks)

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