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Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

functions

A

maintain homeostasis
transport of
- metabolites + waste
- hormones + signal molecules
- dissolved gases
- cells involved in immune + inflammatory responses
regulation of body temp

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2
Q

components

A

pump = heart
conducting vessels = arteries + veins
sites for exchange within tissues = capillaries
drainage system for excess tissue fluids = lymphatic vessels

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3
Q

2 circuits

A

pulmonary = sends blood to lungs
systemic = sends blood to rest of body

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4
Q

mediastinum

A

thoracic space where heart is found
“mid thorax”

contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and large blood vessels

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5
Q

apex of heart

A

points anterior + inferior
contacts inside of chest wall

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6
Q

pericardium

A

heart is contained within pericardial cavity → formed by pericardial sac
three tissue layers
fibrous attachment to diaphragm acts as anchor

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7
Q

visceral pericardium

A

epicardium
in contact with heart
serous membrane = secretes lubricating fluid to ↓ friction when heart contacts wall of chest

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8
Q

parietal pericardium

A

inner layer of sac
serous membrane = secretes lubricating fluid to ↓ friction when heart contacts wall of chest

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9
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

outside layer of sac
strong tissue

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10
Q

heart wall

A

endocardium = epithelial layer covering inside
myocardium = cardiac muscle
visceral pericardium = outer epithelial layer

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11
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated
intercalated discs connect cells to maintain directional depolarization of contraction

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12
Q

right atrium

A

forms right border

receives blood from systemic vasculature

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13
Q

left atrium

A

posterior surface of heart

receives blood from lungs by two L + two R pulmonary veins

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14
Q

right ventricle

A

most anterior part of heart
behind sternum

less muscle in walls → only sending blood to lungs

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15
Q

left ventricle

A

forms left border
trabecular cornea

thicker muscle in walls = pump blood to whole body

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16
Q

vena cava

A

superior: brings blood from head, neck, upper extremities, + thorax to heart
inferior: ascends through diaphragm; brings blood from lower extremities, abdomen, + pelvis

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17
Q

aorta

A

ascending, arch, descending
main blood vessel leaving left ventricle

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18
Q

aortic arch

A

passes on top of R pulm. artery

three branches: (ant) brachiocephalic trunk, (mid) left common carotid artery, (post) left subclavian artery

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19
Q

descending aorta

A

descends posteriorly in thoracic cavity
divides into desc. thoracic + abdominal aorta

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20
Q

brachiocephalic trunk

A

= arm + head
bifurcates into right subclavian artery + right common carotid artery

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21
Q

common carotid artery

A

ascends neck
supplies blood to head + neck
branch into external + internal

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22
Q

subclavian artery

A

passes inferiorly to clavicle
supplies upper extremities

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23
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

sends blood from right ventricle to lungs
bifurcates into left + right pulmonary arteries
(L goes to L lung; R to R lung)

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24
Q

auricle

A

muscular portion of R atrium
original contractile tissue in embryos
through which incision is made in open heart surgery

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25
Q

coronary sulcus

A

groove separating atria + ventricles
on anterior + posterior surfaces

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26
Q

interventricular sulcus

A

groove separating L + R sides
anterior = on anterior surface
posterior = on posterior surfaces

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27
Q

coronary sinus

A

sits in coronary sulcus
filled with venous blood that drains from coronary circulation into R atrium

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28
Q

blood flow through heart

A

enters via vena cavae → R atrium → (tricuspid valve) → R ventricle → (pulmonary valve) → pulmonary arteries → lungs
returns via pulmonary veins → L atrium → (mitral valve) → L ventricle → (aortic valve) → aorta → systemic circulation

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29
Q

cardiac cycle

A

all events associated with one heartbeat
two atria contract while ventricles relax
two ventricles contract while atria relax

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30
Q

diastole

A

relaxation phase
occurs in both atria + ventricles

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31
Q

systole

A

contraction phase
occurs in both atria + ventricles but refers to ventricles

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32
Q

ventricular diastole

A

atria contract = send blood into ventricles
ventricles are relaxed

AV valves are open
semilunar valves are closed

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33
Q

ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract = send blood into circulation
atria are relaxed

AV valves close
semilunar valves open

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34
Q

valves

A

ensure one way flow of blood
close to prevent backflow

surrounded by serous pericardium

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35
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

between atria + ventricles
leaflet cusps + apparatus: papillary muscles + chordae tendineae

papillary muscles contract during systole to tense chordae tendineae and prevent eversion of leaflets into atria

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36
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between R atrium + R ventricle
anterior, septal, + posterior cusps form seal

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37
Q

bicuspid valve

A

mitral valve
between L atrium + L ventricle

anterior cusp = thick
posterior cusp is bordered by commissural cusps = large but thin

mitral valve regurgitation = condition where blood leaks through valve

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38
Q

semilunar valves

A

between ventricles + outflow vessels
tricuspid valves

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39
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between R ventricle + pulmonary artery
three semilunar cusps (L, ant., R)

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40
Q

aortic valve

A

between L ventricle + aorta
three semilunar cusps (L, post., R) each contain aortic sinus

R + L coronary arteries branch off from R + L cusps (receive “extra” blood)

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41
Q

heart sounds

A

sounds are carried by direction of blood flow

aortic valve: right/up = right of sternum, 2nd intercostal space
pulmonary valve: up/left = left sternal border, 2nd ic space
mitral valve: far down/left = apex of heart, 5th ic space + midclavicular line
triscuspid valve: down = left side

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42
Q

Lub

A

1st heart sound
closing of AV valves when Vs contract

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43
Q

Dub

A

2nd heart sound
closing of semilunar valves after V contraction

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44
Q

coronary circulation

A

coronary arteries (L + R) travel in coronary sulcus → branch into smaller arteries

smaller veins ascend heart (parallel arteries) and collect in coronary sinus → drains into R atrium

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45
Q

right coronary artery

A

descends between R atrium + ventricle

branches:
- atrial arteries → R atrium
- marginal artery → inferior surface of heart
- posterior interventricular artery → posterior surface of heart, between L + R ventricles (in IV sulcus)

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46
Q

left coronary artery

A

descends between L atrium + ventricle

branches:
- circumflex artery → travels between L atrium + ventricle to posterior aspect of heart → to L V
- anterior interventricular artery → anterior surface of heart, in IV sulcus

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47
Q

coronary veins

A

small cardiac vein→ parallels R coronary artery; wraps to posterior surface
anterior cardiac veins → ascend anterior surface of R ventricle
great cardiac vein → parallels anterior IV artery
posterior cardiac vein → ascends posterior surface of L ventricle
middle cardiac vein → parallels posterior IV artery

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48
Q

great cardiac vein

A

parallels anterior IV artery
ascends towards base of heart, follows circumflex artery

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49
Q

conduction system

A

intrinsic electrical system of the heart

  • SA node
  • AV node
  • bundle of His
  • R + L bundle branches
  • purkinje fibres
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50
Q

SA node

A

cardiac pacemaker in R atrium
initiates action potentials = sets heat rate (~70 bpm)
depolarization is initiated by cells inherent leakiness to Na+

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51
Q

intra + inter atrial pathways

A

spread depolarization to contractile cells within R atrium and to L atrium

internodal pathways spread it to AV node

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52
Q

AV node

A

between R atrium + ventricle
100 msec delay ensures atria depolarize + contract before ventricles

sends signal along Bundle of His

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53
Q

bundle of His

A

provides electrical connection between atria + ventricles
splits into bundle branches

54
Q

bundle branches

A

descend to apex along interventricular septum
distribute Purkinje fibres into ventricles

55
Q

Purkinje fibres

A

depolarization + contraction of myocytes spreads from apex to base

56
Q

blood + lymph

A

fluid connective tissues
low viscosity fluid matrix with cells and proteins

57
Q

blood

A

composed of blood cells + plasma
avg vol = 5-6L in males; 4-5L in females
pH = 7.35 - 7.45
temp = 38 degrees C

58
Q

blood functions

A

distributed nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to body cells
carries metabolic wastes away from cells and to kidneys for excretion
transports specialized cells that provide protection against infection + disease

59
Q

normovolemic

A

normal blood vol for given container (vasculature)

hypovolemic = too little
hypervolemic = too much

60
Q

formed elements in blood

A

RBCs
WBCs
platelets

61
Q

RBCs

A

erythrocytes
carry O2 and CO2
99% of cells in blood
biconcave disc-shaped cells
cytoplasm contains water (66%) + proteins (33%) - surrounded by plasma membrane

main purpose is gas transport = eject intracellular structures during development

62
Q

WBCs

A

leukocytes
include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, + lymphocytes

63
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic
destroy bacteria

64
Q

eosinophils

A

anti-inflammatory + allergic response

65
Q

basophils

A

opposite to eosinophils
inflammatory response

66
Q

monocytes

A

become macrophages → phagocytic

67
Q

platelets

A

clotting reaction to prevent blood loss
not cells
formed from megakaryocytes (large stem cells) in red bone marrow
membrane-bound enzyme packets that pinch off from megakaryocyte cytoplasm

68
Q

blood vessels

A

pathways for blood to circulate throughout body
three layers: tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

69
Q

blood flow away from heart

A

arteries → arterioles → continuous capillaries

70
Q

blood flow towards heart

A

veins → venules → fenestrated capillaries

71
Q

tunica interna

A

internal coat
composed of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) + thin layer of connective tissue

72
Q

tunica media

A

middle coat
thickest layer
composed of elastic fibers + smooth muscle

73
Q

tunica externa

A

outermost coat
composed of connective tissue:
- protection of vessel
- attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue

74
Q

artery structure

A

dynamic structure
thicker wall = thick tunica media → more muscle + elastic fiber
internal elastic membrane between tunica interna + media
corregated endothelium

75
Q

elastic artery

A

conducting
largest diameter
proximal to heart
- tunica media: lots of elastic fibers → stretch + recoil to accommodate large bolus of blood pumped out of heart (even out pressure surges)

76
Q

muscular artery

A

distributing
carries blood to skeletal muscle + internal organs
ex. constrict vessels to extremities + direct more to brain
- tunica media: predominantly smooth muscle
circular pattern of fibres → contraction causes narrowing of lumen = vasoconstriction
no radial pattern = no active muscle component in vasodilation (relaxation allows blood flow to expand lumen)

77
Q

arteriole

A

progressively smaller diameter
poorly defined tunica externa→ imbedded in tissues
- tunica media: few smooth muscle cells around outside
delivers blood to capillaries
change in lumen diameter regulates blood pressure (many arterioles)

78
Q

continuous capillary

A

offloads nutrients/O2 to tissues
single layer of endothelial cells → allows diffusion
tight junctions between cells (attached)

79
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

with or without diaphragm = connects pores
lots of pores in endothelial cells → passage of metabolic waste products into vasculature
small cells → no transport proteins + products are too large to diffuse

80
Q

vein structure

A

relatively simple
not dynamic
no internal elastic membrane
straight endothelium

81
Q

venule

A

collect blood from capillaries
primarily endothelium (t. interna) + tunica externa
very little muscle

82
Q

medium-sized vein

A

between venules and large veins
thick tunica externa = support + structure

83
Q

large vein

A

collect blood and return into R atrium

84
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

smooth muscle ring
control blood flow through capillaries → metarterioles

85
Q

metarterioles

A

shunt blood through capillary bed
short circuit between arteriole + venule = ↓ nutrient exchange where not needed

86
Q

valves in veins

A

in walls of veins
prevent backflow of blood - work against gravity

venous compression caused by contraction of adjacent muscles - aids in maintaining blood flow

87
Q

thoracic arteries

A

aortic arch = 3 branches
- brachiocephalic trunk → (branches) R common carotid + R subclavian
- L common carotid
- L subclavian → axillary

subclavian → (branch) internal thoracic

thoracic aorta → (branches) intercostals

88
Q

head + neck arteries

A

common carotid → (branches) external + internal carotid

subclavian → (branches) vertebral + internal thoracic + thyrocervical trunk

89
Q

carotid sinus

A

at common carotid branch point
contains receptors for blood pressure feedback

90
Q

abdominal arteries

A

abdominal aorta descends posteriorly to abdomen - feeds visceral organs = 3 branches
- celiac trunk → supplies foregut = splenic, gastric, common hepatic arteries
- superior mesenteric → supplies midgut = branches to colon + small intestine
- inferior mesenteric → supplies hindgut = branches to colon

aorta bifurcates into R + L common iliac
each → internal + external iliac

91
Q

upper extremity arteries

A

subclavian → axillary → brachial → radial + ulnar → palmar arches → digital

branch from axillary = deep brachial (in post. compartment of arm)

92
Q

lower extremity arteries

A

common iliac → (br: internal iliac) external iliac (passes deep to inguinal ligament) → femoral → popliteal → posterior tibial → pedal arches → digital

deep femoral branches from femoral
branch to knee
fibular + anterior tibial branches

93
Q

thoracic veins

A

intercostals + internal thoracic → azygos
vertebral + internal/external jugular → subclavian → brachiocephalic
all drain into superior vena cava

94
Q

head and neck veins

A

vertebral
internal jugular
external jugular
→ subclavian → brachiocephalic → superior vena cava

95
Q

deep abdominal veins

A

drains body
hepatics, renals, gonadals → drain into inferior vena cava
R + L external iliac → common iliac (internal iliac branches) → inf vena cava

96
Q

hepatic portal system

A

superior + inferior mesenteric, splenic, + gastrics carry blood from digestive organs → heaptic portal vein = to liver

97
Q

upper extremity veins

A

digitals → palmar arches → radial + ulnar → brachial → axillary → subclavian

basilic → axillary
cephalic

98
Q

lower extremity veins

A

digitals → pedal arches → anterior tibial (+ posterior tibial + fibular) → popliteal → femoral → external ilial → common iliac

small saphenous
great saphenous
deep femoral
internal iliac

99
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid inside cell - cytoplasm, nucleoplasm

100
Q

extracellular fluid

A

blood plasma
ISF

101
Q

ISF

A

bathes cells of body
filtrate of fluid + small solutes out of capillaries
enters lymphatic vessels

102
Q

diapedesis

A

vascular pressure forces water + solutes across capillary membrane into interstitial space

103
Q

lymph

A

ISF inside lymphatic vessels
composed of lymphocytes + lymph fluid → dilute solution of proteins + excess ISF)

104
Q

lymph flow

A

flows passively along pressure gradient = no pump
negative pressure system allows ISF to enter vessels

105
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

low pressure system
thin vessels

106
Q

discontinuous capillaries

A

endothelial cells are not attached
space in between is large enough for molecules to enter lymphatics

107
Q

valves in lymph system

A

lots
prevent backflow of lymph

108
Q

lymphatic system functions

A

produce, maintain, + distribute lymphocytes (immune response)
assists maintaining normal blood volume (returns lost blood volume to vasculature)
alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste (lipids absorbed by digestive tract)

109
Q

thoracic lymphatic duct

A

carries upward from cysterna chyli
empty into large thoracic veins
drainage of L body + R abdomen and lower extremity

110
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains right head, upper thorax, + upper extremity

111
Q

lymphocytes

A

lymph cells
role in immune response

112
Q

B cells

A

originate + become immunocompetent in bone marrow
reside in lymph nodes, spleen, + lymphoid tissue
produce antibodies targeted to specific antigens = antibody-mediated immunity

113
Q

T cells

A

originate in bone marrow → continue development + become immunocompetent in thymus gland
reside in spleen, other lymphoid organs, bone marrow

114
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

cell-mediated immunity
destroy pathogens + abnormal cells

115
Q

regulatory T cells

A

regulate immune response

116
Q

NK cells

A

natural killer cells
originate + become immunocompetent in bone marrow
immunological surveillance cells = continuously circulate through peripheral tissue
respond to cancer cells

117
Q

lymphatic organs

A

discrete structures enclosed by a fibrous connective tissue

118
Q

primary lymphatic organs

A

produce, maintain, and store lymphocytes
contain stem cells that generate lymphocytes

bone marrow + thymus gland

119
Q

secondary lymphatic organs

A

peripheral structures
where most immune responses are initiated
activated lymphocytes divide to produce additional lymphocytes of same type
front line = where invading bacteria are first encountered

spleen + lymph nodes

120
Q

thymus gland

A

posterior to manubrium in superior mediastinum
two lobes
early life = large
later life = involution
source of T cells

121
Q

spleen

A

along L lateral curvature of stomach between ribs 9 + 11
largest lymphoid organ
filters blood → removes abnormal blood cells + components by phagocytosis
stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
initiates immune response by B + T cells in response to circulating antigens

122
Q

lymph node

A

oval lymphoid organs ranging from 1-25mm in diameter
many afferent vessels penetrate fibrous capsule
single efferent vessel exits node

123
Q

lymph node functions

A

filter lymph = remove 99% of antigens
resident T cells, B cells, + macrophages = major site of immune response to antigens

124
Q

lymph “glands”

A

large nodes at base of neck, axillae, groin
enlarged due to inflammation or infection

125
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

126
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissues

A

mucous membranes of respiratory + urinary tracts

127
Q

nodules

A

oval-shaped aggregations of densely packed small lymphocytes supporter by dense reticular fibres
lack of fibrous capsule = indistinct boundaries
mount immune response to antigens

mucosa of digestive tract: tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix

128
Q

tonsils

A

aggregates of lymphoid nodules in wall of pharynx
remove pathogens from inspired air + food

129
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

lymph nodules in lining of small intestine
nodules sit on submucosa connective tissue and are under muscularis mucosa

130
Q

appendix

A

mass of fused lymphoid nodules

131
Q

lymphatic drainage of breast

A

Anatomy (14 decks)

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