Pragmatics

Question 1

paralanguage

Answer 1

using body gestures for communication
emojis achieve this electronically

Question 2

hyperbole

Answer 2

exaggerated language

Question 3

litote

Answer 3

understatements

Question 4

idiom

Answer 4

phrases like its ‘raining cats and dogs’ or ‘under the weather’

Question 5

collocations

Answer 5

2 or more words which often go together

Question 6

shared knowledge

Answer 6

using language that a social group understands - could be jargon or informal words

Question 7

implicature

Answer 7

implied meanings

Question 8

divergence

Answer 8

moving speech patterns away from others

Question 9

convergence

Answer 9

moving speech patterns towards others

Question 10

downwards convergence

Answer 10

someone of higher status or power converging to someone of lower status or power

Question 11

upwards convergence

Answer 11

someone of lower status or power converging to someone of higher status or power

Question 12

mutual convergence

Answer 12

both parties converge their speech patterns towards eachother

Question 13

code switching

Answer 13

switching between different languages in conversation

Question 14

tenor

Answer 14

relationship

Question 15

genre convention

Answer 15

features that are typical of a text type

Question 16

presupposition

Answer 16

assumption

Question 17

hypocorisms

Answer 17

a nickname showing affection or closeness

Question 18

subtext

Answer 18

implied meanings

Question 19

context bound information

Answer 19

words described in a certain context e.g ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘there, ‘cool’, ‘it’

Question 20

honourific address

Answer 20

showing respect and conveying courtesy

Question 21

dramatic irony

Answer 21

when the audience knows more than the characters involved

Question 22

deixis / deictic language

Answer 22

phrases or words which are context dependent

Question 23

exophoric deixis

Answer 23

when a word or phrase refers to something outside the discourse

Question 24

what is exophoric deixis also known as

Answer 24

primary deixis

Question 25

what are the 3 types of exophoric deixis

Answer 25

person deixis - pronouns, ‘i’, ‘she, ‘they’,
‘him’, and some proper noun
spatial deixis - describing the speaker in
space or relation to other objects such
as ‘here or there’, ‘come and go’, ‘this,
those, that’
temporal deixis - describing the speakers in
terms of time such as ‘now’ , ‘then’,
‘yesterday’

Question 26

Proximal deixis

Answer 26

where the situation is near to the speaker e.g here, now ,this

Question 27

Distal deixis

Answer 27

used to express distance e.g that, there, then

Question 28

endophoric deixis

Answer 28

terms that are revealed in the text

Question 29

what is endophoric deixis also known as

Answer 29

secondary deixis

Question 30

what are the 2 types of endophoric deixis?

Answer 30

anaphoric deixis - refers to something the
text has already identified
cataphoric deixis - where the pronoun is
revealed before the noun

Question 31

expressives

Answer 31

providing praise to others, aka positive reinforcement

Question 32

situational irony

Answer 32

a situation in which actions have an effect that is the opposite from what was expected or intended
e.g a fire station is burned down

Question 33

verbal irony

Answer 33

when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really mean or feel
It is often sarcastic but does not have to be

Question 34

sarcasm

Answer 34

verbal irony with mockery or attitude

Question 35

hypophora

Answer 35

a rhetorical question that is immediately answered

Question 36

ideograph

Answer 36

when abstract nouns have an emotional impact

Question 37

ethos

Answer 37

about the writer/speakers credibility and trust. we are more likely to be persuaded by someone if we trust the individual

Question 38

logos

Answer 38

how the speaker/writer appeals to the logical thinking of the audience. I it about the speakers evidence/proof of an argument

Question 39

pathos

Answer 39

how the speaker/writer appeals to the emotions of the audience

Question 40

kairus

Answer 40

refers to the timeliness of the argument
e.g right her, right now

Question 41

synchronous

Answer 41

‘real time’ - the convo is happening right now
live on the spot discourse

Question 42

asynchronous

Answer 42

the opposite of synchronous - this is delayed time
e.g tv shows

Question 43

close and distant

Answer 43

the proximity of the speaker
physically and in time

Question 44

ephemeral

Answer 44

something that is short lived
e.g text messages, snapchat, one day to do list

Question 45

permanent

Answer 45

the opposite of ephemeral. a text which could be used over and over again and has a level of permanency
e.g a contract, a novel

Question 46

Intertextuality

Answer 46

the way one text influences another
the way texts gain meaning through their referencing or recall of other texts

Question 47

what are the types of intertextuality

Answer 47

translation
plagiarism
quotation
allusion
parody
pastiche

Question 48

what is translation
(type of intertextuality)

Answer 48

translating work from one language to another

Question 49

what is plagiarism

(type of intertextuality)

Answer 49

when a writer uses or closely copies work of others without referencing them thus claiming its their own work

Question 50

what is quotation

(type of intertextuality)

Answer 50

the repetition of an expression.
newspapers often quote people as well as journalists who quote other people’s findings

Question 51

what is allusion

(type of intertextuality)

Answer 51

a reference to something well known
e.g a person, place, event, story, work of art, literature, music or pop culture

Question 52

what is parody

(type of intertextuality)

Answer 52

mocking another text
purpose for comedic value, to be humorous

Question 53

what is pastiche

(type of intertextuality)

Answer 53

work that imitates the style or character of the work of one or more artists
e.g fan fiction
not parody as not comedic
not allusion as not a reference