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Chem > Carb/Lipids/body fluids/ electrolyte/blood gases > Flashcards

Carb/Lipids/body fluids/ electrolyte/blood gases Flashcards

1
Q

A patient has a synovial fluid removed from their knee joint. The test results included a cell count with differential. The WBC count was 65,000 with 93% neutrophils. What is the most likely cause?
a. septic
b. inflammatory
c. crystal induced
d. hemorrhagic

A

Septic

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2
Q

A patient has CSF chemistries and microbiology samples performed. Chemistries yield a very low glucose value but no growth is reported in micro cultures. What is a possible pathology to explain these results? It is to be noted that the CSF had a clear, colorless appearance.
a. Diabetic keto acidosis
b.Brain tumor
c. head trauma
d. blood/brain compensation

A

Brain tumor

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3
Q

What is not a common test to perform on a CSF sample?
a. glucose
b. uric acid
c. protein
d. lactate

A

uric acid

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4
Q

TRUE or FASLE. Increased CSF glucose levels can indicate acute bacterial meningitis

A

False

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5
Q

Which would typically not be a cause of an exudative pleural effusion?
a. pulmonary abscess
b. lymphoma
c. bacterial pneumonia
d. hepatic cirrhosis

A

hepatic cirrhosis

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6
Q

TRUE or FALSE. The unique structure of hemoglobin allows it to act as both an acid-base buffer and O2 buffer

A

True

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7
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy

A

Glycogenolysis

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8
Q

Conversation of glucose to glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

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9
Q

Formation of glucose of 6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

A

Glycolysis

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11
Q

Which parameter on a blood gas analysis is calculated instead of being directly measured
a. pH
b. HCO3
c. pO2
d. pCO2

A

HCO3

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12
Q

What tube is used for glucose tolerance testing?
a. Gold top/ serum
b. green top/ lithium heparin
c. lavender top/EDTA
d. Grey top/NaF

A

Grey top/NaF

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13
Q

What is the incremental fraction of oxygen at sea level?
a. 21%
b. 10%
c. 79%
d. 100%

A

21%

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14
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH= 7.53 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 37 (35-45)
HCO3=33 (22-29)

a. metabolic acidosis with partial compensation
b. metabolic alkalosis with no compensation
c. respiratory alkalosis with partial compensation
d. metabolic alkalosis with full compensation

A

Metabolic alkalosis with no compensation

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15
Q

In external respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar membrane is _____, while the partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood is _____

A

100 mm Hg, 40 mmHg

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16
Q

A decrease in H+ ions, an increase in pH, and a decrease in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder?

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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17
Q

What is the best interpretation of the following results?
pH= 7.28 (7.35-7.45)
CO2= 55 (35-45)
HCO3=25 (22-29)

a. Respiratory acidosis with no compensation
b. Respiratory acidosis with full compensation
c. Metabolic acidosis with no compensation
d. Metabolic acidosis with full compensation

A

Respiratory acidosis with no compensation

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18
Q

A patient with an HA1C of 12% would be most likely to have an estimated average glucose of:

a.97 mg/dL
b. 140 mg/dL
c. 212 mg/dL
d. 298 mg/dL

A

298 mg/dL

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19
Q

A patient with a fasting glucose of 122 mg/dL would be considered to have a
a. normal FP
b. impaired FP
c. preliminary diabetes diagnosis

A

Impaired FP

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20
Q

This type of diabetes is noted to have insulin resistance with an insulin secretory defect due to progressive loss of adequate beta cell insulin secretion

A

Type 2

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21
Q

An increase in H+ ions, a decrease in pH, and an increase in pCO2 results in what acid-base disorder

A

Respiratory acidosis

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22
Q

As a CSF is collected, it is placed in a series of tubes for analysis. The correct order of testing should be:

A

Chemistry, microbiology, hematology, sent out

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23
Q

Which is not stimulated by epinephrine?
a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. glycogenolysis
d. gluconeogenesis

A

insulin

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24
Q

Alpha cells produces?

A

Glucagon

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25
Q

Beta cells produces?

A

Insulin

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26
Q

Delta cells produces?

A

Somatostatin

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27
Q

What type of diabetes? Diabetic condition formed when a person’s own immune system destroys the islet cells of the pancreas, resulting in impaired production of insulin.

A

Type 1 diabetes

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28
Q

It is recommended that all adults have a lipid profile performed every____
a. 2 years
b. 5 years
c. 6 months
d. 10 years

A

5 years

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29
Q

TRUE or FALSE. Women on average have higher HDL levels and lower total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than men

A

True

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30
Q

HDL has a major role in this type of lipid pathway
a. absorption pathway
b. exogenous pathway
c. endogenous pathway
d. reverse cholesterol pathway

A

reverse cholesterol pathway

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31
Q

Which is the type of lipoprotein that contains the apolipoprotein Apo B48?

A

Chylomicrons

32
Q

TRUE or FALSE. Amphipathic lipid molecules contain both hydrophobic fatty acid chains and hydrophobic head groups

A

False

33
Q

Calculate the LDL from the following test results.
Total cholesterol: 223 mg/dL
HDL: 65 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 290 mg/dL

A

100

34
Q

The function of the major lipid components of the very-low density lipoproteins is to transport

a. cholesterol from the peripheral cells
b. cholesterol and phospholipids to peripheral cells
c. exogenous triglycerides
d. endogenous triglycerides

A

Endogenous triglycerides

35
Q

Turbidity in serum suggests elevation of

A

Chylomicrons

36
Q

Electrolytes: Reabsorbed under influence of PTH

A

Calcium

37
Q

Electrolytes: recovered from glomerular filtrate

A

Bicarbonate

38
Q

Electrolytes: Reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule

A

Chloride

39
Q

Electrolytes: Reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop

A

Magnesium

40
Q

A rare disease of water and salt imbalance
a. Diabetes type 1
b. diabetes insipidus
c. diabetes type 2
d. diabetes gestational

A

Diabetes insipidus

41
Q

Of the total serum osmolality; sodium, chloride, and bicarb normally contribute what percent?
a. 92
b. 8
c. 45
d. 72

A

92

42
Q

What is the charge for anions?

A

Negative

43
Q

What is the charge for cations?

A

Postive

44
Q

What is the type of lipoprotein that is known to contribute to plaque formation?
a.LDL
b. VLDL
c. HDL
d. Triglycerides

A

LDL

45
Q

A patient presents to the ER with flushed skin, severe agitation, low-grade fever, and complaints of being extremely thirsty. Given these symptoms, what pathology would you consider?
a. hyponatremia
b. hypernatremia
c. hypokalemia
d. hyperkalemia

A

hypernatremia

46
Q

Which of the following is not associated with an increase in anion gap when it occurs in a single patient?
a. renal failure
b. keto acidosis
c. glycol poisoning
d. instrument error

A

instrument error

47
Q

Causes of increased levels of protein in CSF include all but
a. decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma
b. lysis of contaminant blood from traumatic tap
c. increased permeability of the epithelial membrane
d. obstruction

A

decreased dialysis of proteins from the plasma

48
Q

In order to maintain electrical neutrality in the red blood cell, bicarbonate leaves the red blood cell and enters the plasma through an exchange mechanism with what electrolyte?
a. sodium
b. potassium
c. chloride
d. phosphate

A

chloride

49
Q

Of the total serum calcium, free ionized calcium normally represents approximately what precent?
a. 10
b. 45
c. 60
d. 90

A

45

50
Q

The presence of only slightly visible hemolysis will significantly increase the serum level of which of the following analyses?
a. bicarbonate
b. chloride
c. potassium
d. sodium

A

potassium

51
Q

What is the major intracellular cation?
a. chloride
b. potassium
c. sodium
d. bicarbonate

A

Potassium

52
Q

What is the major extracellular cation?
a. potassium
b. chloride
c. sodium
d. bicarb

A

sodium

53
Q

Calculate the anion gap using the following lab data.
Na: 135
K: 4.0
Cl: 94
HCO3: 28

A

17

54
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Unsaturated triglycerides are typically sold at room temperature

A

False

55
Q

The action is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and second most abundant intracellularly. Hint: Consumption of processed foods can lead to inadequate intake and subsequent deficiency
a. calcium
b. potassium
c. magnesium
d. sodium

A

Magnesium

56
Q

Given the following results, calculate the plasma osmolality:
Sodium: 135
Glucose: 96
BUN: 22

A

282

57
Q

Water makes up what percentage of body weight?
a. 40-75%
b. 5-10%
c. 85-95%
d. 20-40%

A

40-75%

58
Q

Which phrase does not describe phospholipids
a. hydrophobic head group
b. synthesized in all organs
c. amphipathic
d. unsaturated steroid alcohol

A

unsaturated steroid alcohol

59
Q

Electrolyte essential for myocardial contraction and important to maintain normal levels for critically ill patients
a. chloride
b. calcium
c. sodium
d. zinc

A

calcium

60
Q

Calculate the osmol gap given the following information:
sodium: 140
glucose: 62
BUN:35
Measured osmo: 300

A

5

61
Q

High levels of which lipoprotein class are associated with decreased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis?

a. chylomicrons
b. VLDL
c. LDL
d. HDL

A

d. HDL

62
Q

Which of the following lipid results would be expected to be falsely elevated on a serum specimen from a non-fasting patient?

a. cholesterol
b. triglyceride
c. HDL
d. LDL

A

b. triglyceride

63
Q

A pregnant patient with a fasting glucose of 101 mg/dL is given a 3 hour glucose tolerance test the next day with a 100 gram glucose load. The results are as follows:
Fasting: 98 mg/dL
1-hr: 190 mg/dL
2-hr: 162 mg/dL
3-hr: 132 mg/dL
What is the patient’s diagnosis?

a. gestational diabetes
b. Type II diabetes
c. normal lab results, no diagnosis can be made
d. pre-diabetic

A

a. gestational diabetes

64
Q

A diabetic patient comes into the doctors office with a fasting blood sugar of 192 mg/dL and a HbA1c value of 14%. Based on these results, what statement best describes the patient.

a. diabetes mellitus is managed
b. diabetes mellitus if not managed
c. values not indicative of diabetes mellitus

A

b. diabetes mellitus if not managed

65
Q

Of the following glucose levels, which would you expect to result in glucose in the urine?

a. 32 mg/dL
b. 162 mg/dL
c. 172 mg/dL
d. 193 mg/dL

A

d. 193 mg/dL

66
Q

What term is used to describe the collection method of pleural fluid?

A

Thoracentesis

67
Q

Monosodium urate crystals are seen in the synovial fluid with what disease state?

A

Gout

68
Q

What test can be performed to determine if the fluid coming from a patient’s nose is sinus or spinal fluid?

A

Beta-transferrin

69
Q

How many samples are collected for a three hour GTT?

A

4

70
Q

What is the most common method of measuring glucose?

A

Hexokinase

71
Q

What type of triglycerides are typically solid at room temperature

A

Saturated

72
Q

Which lipoprotein is the major carrier of endogenous triglycerides?

A

VLDL

73
Q

What type of hemoglobin is unable to bind O2 because iron is in an oxidized rather than a reduced state?

A

Methemoglobin (MetHb)

74
Q

What kind of measurement device is used to measure actual percent oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb) and typically has 4 wavelengths?

A

CO-oximeters

75
Q

Glycated hemoglobin reflects the average glucose for what time period?

A

4-8 weeks

76
Q

What electrolyte is essential for myocardial contraction and important to maintain normal levels for critically ill patient

A

Calcium

Chem (9 decks)

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