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Psycholinguistics > Phonology: functioning and patterning of sounds > Flashcards

Phonology: functioning and patterning of sounds Flashcards

1
Q

phonology

A

study of how sounds vary and pattern in a language

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2
Q

study of phonology includes studying:

A

segment contrasts
minimal pairs
complimentary distributions
features

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3
Q

contrast

A

segments contrast when their presence alone is responsible for different meanings

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4
Q

minimal pairs

A

two phonetic forms that differ by one segment in the same position gives different meanings
/p:b/ pat / bat

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5
Q

distribution is complimentary when

A

never occur in same context
not same context = comp distr. = same sound

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6
Q

distribution is NOT complimentary when

A

occur in same phonetic context
same context = not comp distr. = different sounds

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7
Q

distinctive features

A

20 features that permit description of all sounds of all of the languages in the world

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8
Q

binary features

A

present or absent

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9
Q

distinctive features can help describe phonological rules

A

know distinctive set of sounds for language
learn rules that describe changes that take place in sounds when they occur with other sounds

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10
Q

natural classes

A

smaller number of features required to define class of phoneme
more features required to define individual phoneme

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11
Q

phonetic representation

A

used to show how a speaker produces a sound

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12
Q

phonemic representation

A

show underlying phonological rule

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13
Q

formal phonological rules

A

relate phonemic representation to phonetic representation
part of speakers knowledge of language
part of mental grammar but not represented in symbols
written for all languages

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14
Q

tone language

A

syllables or words are contrasted by pitch

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15
Q

intonation languages

A

pitch and suprasegmentals distinguish meaning

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16
Q

phonemes and allophones

A

units of representation in phonology
used to capture speaker knowledge of how sounds behave in language

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17
Q

phoneme

A

way sounds are stored in mind
underlying representation

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18
Q

allophone

A

way sounds are produced
individual members of the languages sound system
surface representation

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19
Q

separate phonemes

A

contrastive
unpredictable distribution
easily perceived by native
may not be phonetically similar

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20
Q

same phoneme

A

non contrastive
predictable
not easily different perceived
always phonetically similar

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21
Q

Problem solving flow chart

A

minimal pairs?
- yes - allophones of separate phonemes
- no
- complimentary distribution?
- yes - allophones of same phoneme
- no - allophones of separate phonemes

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22
Q

reflexive cry (birth)

A

first sounds

23
Q

differentiated cry

A

identified by mothers by 3-4 months

24
Q

cooing and laughing

A

vowel like productions
2 months, mouth movements more specific

25
Q

transitional/marginal babbling

A

5 months
single syllable
vowel and consonant like sounds

26
Q

reduplicated/true babbling

A

6 months
repetition of consonant-vowel syllables

27
Q

0-1 month

A

lack of consonants
vowels
restricted vocal resonance

28
Q

2-3 months

A

some fully resonant vowels
velar/uvular approximation
“going”
glides and nasals appear (/w/ /j/ /m/ /n/ ng)

29
Q

4-6 months

A

frequent use of vowels
labial approximation
some fricatives
squealing, growling, yelling

30
Q

5-6 months

A

marginal babbling (slow alteration between vowels and consonants)

31
Q

phonological development 7-12 months

A

echolalia
variegated babbling
jargon babblinig
vocables or protowords

32
Q

echolalia

A

imitation of sounds and syllables continues past 12 months

33
Q

variegated babbling

A

changes in CV1Cv2 combinations

34
Q

jargon babbling

A

intonational changes similar to sentences

35
Q

vocables or protowords

A

distinct to each child, phonetically consistent forms

36
Q

first true word

A

12 months

37
Q

7-10 months

A

reduplicated babbling
timing like more mature speech
some VC and CVC
vocables

38
Q

11-12 months

A

variegated babbling
gibberish
stops, glides, and nasals predominate consonants
voiced more common

39
Q

12-18 months

A

first words
labials and nasals /h/ and /w/
first vowels /I/ /a/ /u/
monosyllabic

40
Q

18-24 months

A

rapid phonological development
no universal order of acquisition
loss of devoicing of final consonant
lengthening of vowels before final consonant
expansion of phonemic system

41
Q

syllable structure

A

unit consisting of one or more elements segments
must contain sonorant element (vowels) and any less sonorant element (consonants)

42
Q

nucleus

A

vowel

43
Q

onset

A

before nucleus
(3)

44
Q

coda

A

after nucleus
(4)

45
Q

rhyme

A

nucleus and coda

46
Q

phonotactics

A

set of constraints on which segments can occur together

47
Q

phonological processes

A

can be used to identify phonological vs articulatory errors when past age where they usually resolve
remediate sound productions

48
Q

phonological processing

A

phonological memory
phonological awareness
phonological access

49
Q

phonological memory

A

average adult - 7 items

50
Q

phonological awareness

A

preschool (4-5) - syllable level skills
rhyming - 3 -4 yo
kindergarten and first - (6-7) sound level

51
Q

phonological access (oral production accuracy and speed)

A

adults 13-15 words/min

52
Q

auditory perception Birth-6mos

A

preference for vowel native language
discrimination of sounds at 1 month

53
Q

auditory perception 6 mos

A

recognize and imitate intonation patterns
discrimination of sound sentences 6-7 months

54
Q

auditory perception 8-10 mos

A

limited to sounds of native language

Psycholinguistics (13 decks)

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