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bio 20 > cardiovascular system chapter 11 > Flashcards

cardiovascular system chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

average amount of human blood

A

5L

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2
Q

what is the majority of the blood made out of

A

plasma 55%

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3
Q

what is the 2nd most thing in the blood

A

red blood cells 45%

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4
Q

what is the lowest component / thing in blood

A

white blood cells and platelets less 1%

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5
Q

what is plasma mainly made out of

A
  • made out of 90% water

-contains proteins, glucose, vitamins, waste products from cellular resperation

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6
Q

what is plasmas function

A

it connects many different systems like digestive system and respitory system and so it also helps act to transport what it holds in it (proteins vitamins ect)

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7
Q

what are the 3 proteins called

A

albumins
globulins
fibringens

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8
Q

what do albumins do

A

are for osmotic pressure and produced in liver to help maintain osmotic pressure

(make sure blood stays were it should and gets delivered where it should and keeping right amount blood in vessels)

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9
Q

what do globulins do

A

they help fight off germs and keep it safe like your body’s own team of defenders and repair workers

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10
Q

what do fibringens do

A

theyre ment for blood clotting to form the clotting l

ike the special glue that helps fix things when you get a cut or a scrape and helps stop getting blood out

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10
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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11
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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12
Q

erythrocytes function

A

red blood cells
- transports the oxygen

  • has hemoglobin which is used to increase surface area so more blood can be carried (shaped like biconcave)
  • no nuclus
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13
Q

where are old erythrocytes broken down

A
  • old erythrocytes broken down in liver ( to help filter)
  • hemoglobin stored in spleen
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14
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

in the erythrocytes to help increase the surface area so more blood can be carried to transport o2

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15
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells

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16
Q

leukocytes function

A
  • has nucleus
  • fight microbes and bad germs
  • (form anibodies)
  • one white blood cell in every 700 red
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17
Q

blood clotting process

A

1)- have platelets that clump together on cut and form plug to stop blood from escaping

2)- platelets release thromboplastin

3)- the thromboplastin is transformed and turns to fibrinogen

4)- fibrin threads wrap around injury to trap more platelets that form a clot

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18
Q

what is fibrinogens job

A

they’re made from thromboplastin and fibriogen help form mesh like structure which is called the fibrin strands

and help form plateltes to creat clot

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19
Q

what is leukemia

A

its when there are too many white blood cells so they dont end up doing the proper job of killing germs

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20
Q

leukemia symptoms

A

fatigue, high fever, frequent infections,

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21
Q

how does leukemia start to develop

A

caused by changes of mutations in the DNA of developing blood cells

the dna is like a set of instructions and if one things is messed up can lead to leukemia or high levels of some chemicals

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22
Q

what is anemia

A

decrease in red blood cells so theres less transportation of o2 to your body

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23
Q

anemia symptoms

A

tired, lightheadedness, chest pain, shortness of breath

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24
Q

how does anemia develop

A

iorn deficiency, vitamin defiviency and from hemorage

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25
Q

what is hemophilia

A

excessive blood loss bc system cant clot so more blood loss and platlets cant clot

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26
Q

what is circulatory shock

A

comes with fall of blood pressure so imbalance of o2 and nutriants

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27
Q

how circulatory shock developed

A

blood loss, sever burns, bacterial infection,
- vasodillation to large point so low blood pressure

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28
Q

what is thrombus

A

blood clot that blocks blood vessel so blood cant pass then tissue becomes deprived o2

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29
Q

what is embolus

A

when blood clot breaks away from where its formed and moves through blood vessel
- then gets stuck somewhere creating blockage starts backflow

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30
Q

whats type of antigens and antibodies does type A make

A

antigens it has - A
antibodies it has - B (type a tries to kill b)

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31
Q

whats type of antigens and antibodies does type AB make

A

antigens it has- it makes a and b antigens
antibodies it has - no antibodies (no army wanting to attack any one)

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31
Q

whats type of antigens and antibodies does type B make

A

antigens it has - B
antibodies it has- A (type B tries to kill a)

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32
Q

whats type of antigens and antibodies does type O make

A

antigens it has- no antigens
antibodies it has- makes A and B antibodies tries to kill both of them

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33
Q

what do antigens do

A

act as signals or flags that help notify when something cant be there

34
Q

what do antibodies do

A

when antigens alert what cant be there then antibodies go and try to find invaider to kill (army)

35
Q

universal donor

A

O it can give to all blood types because it makes no antigens on it

36
Q

universal recipient

A

AB can take / get from any type of blood

37
Q

what does rh negative mean

A

no antigens
makes antibodies

38
Q

what does rh positive mean

A

makes antigens
no antibodies

39
Q

what does being immue stand for

A

the body can fight of the infections or pathogens

40
Q

what does pathogens stand for

A

organism causing disease

41
Q

what can viruses do to body once they get in cells

A

they can contain dna once they break into cells and then manipulate the dna

42
Q

do bacterias have nucleus

A

no and are mostly only single cells

43
Q

what type of medication helps limit growth or destroy orgainsms that are living

A

antibiotics

44
Q

what can antibiotics not fight against

A

virues

45
Q

what are vectors and how do they spread infections

A

its when bugs or bug bites spread disease ect

46
Q

what are vehiculur and how do they spread infections

A

contaminated food or water that spread disease

47
Q

what is the lytic cycle

A

death of cells

48
Q

what is the lysigenic cycle

A

taskes cells functions away then manipulate it

49
Q

what is the oncogenic cycle

A

can result in cancer happens from not making nutrients supposed to form so it forms tumor

50
Q

what is HIV

A

immue cells that have the antigens constantly change so its unidentifiable

51
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

its the barriers ex the eyelashes skin ect
- includes skin, respitory tract, stomach

52
Q

what does the first line of defense do skin

A

helps from bacteria and pathogens form entering and has lysomoes that help break the bacteria walls

53
Q

what does the first line of defense do respitory tract

A

it helps filter and sweep out the bacteria ftom respitory system with hairlike structure called cilia (activates sneezing)

  • mucles help trap bacteria
54
Q

what does the first line of the defense do stomach

A

has corrosicve acids (very acidic) and destroys microbes and good bacteria in stomach out does bad

55
Q

what is the 2nd line of defense include

A

the phagocytosis the eating / engulfing of the microbes or bactiera after surrounding it to kill it in body

56
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells in phagocytois

A

macrophages and neutrophils

57
Q

what do macrophages do / how created

A

they’re created from monocytes (special white blood cells) and go from blood tissue and turn into big eaters which are macrophages

  • they’re mainly in tissues and have arms (pseudopods) that grab on the bacteria to eat
58
Q

what do neutrophils do / how created

A

theyre atracted to signals from damaged cells and are in capillaries but go to tissues to engulf and eat microbes

  • then after they release lysosomal enzymes that help break down microbes eaten
59
Q

what does pus represent

A

dead white blood cells or microbe / protein fragments

60
Q

how are fevers made / created

A

they’re created when macrophages / neutrophils eat invaiders and realse chemicals that increase body temp

61
Q

what are the complementary proteins 3 types (globuilns)

A

type a
type b
type c

62
Q

what does the globuiln type a do (complementary protein)

A

coats microbe and prevent germ from reproducing

63
Q

what does the globuiln type b do (complementary protein)

A

dissolves microbes membrane attacks microbes and puncture it

64
Q

what does the globuiln type c do (complementary protein)

A

attrack specific phagocytes and leukocytes

65
Q

what is step 1 of the third line of defence

A

complementary proteins (gloubins)

66
Q

what is another step of the third line of defence

A

identifying antigens (markers on surfaces) to see what it is then automatically makes and antibodies made from b cells

67
Q

what is the other step of the third line of defense

A

the types fo lymphocytes helper t help activate b cells and killer t cells

68
Q

what are the types of t cells and what do they do

A

t-cells : made in bone marrow stored in thymus gland

helper t- most important, inisuate response read antigens shape then call b cells and killer t

killer t- directly kill pathogens and infected cells

supressor t - help shut down killer t cells so dont kill good cells

69
Q

what are the 2 b cell types

A

b-cells- produce antibodies receive signal form T cells (when antibodies attach to antigens makes easier for macrophages to eat)

memory b cells- remember intruder and act easily next time it enters

70
Q

what do macrophages activate

A

once macrophages engulf they display those antigens and then activate helper t

71
Q

what do the assisting chemicals interferons do

A

signal responce to let out more host cells to fight and act as army and are like alarms

72
Q

what do the assisting chemicals lymphokine do

A

are like the messangers they send messages from t cells and b cells to make sure all working together

73
Q

summary steps of the immune system

A
  • invaider comes in
  • macrophages eats and then displays the antigen on the outside of it
  • helper t activated then calls b cell and killer t

b cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens so phagocytes can eat better

and killer t cells search and destroy

  • supressor t helps shut the killer t so doesnt kill good
  • memory b remembers the invaider so can easily fight again
74
Q

fourth line of defence

A

medicine

75
Q

what do vaccinations do

A

it activates the immune system without giving disease
then body recognizes what it might have to fight in future

(like training session before actually getting disease)

76
Q

what do antibiotics do

A

targets specific living bacteria and not effective for vital things like the flu or cold

77
Q

symtom treatment meaning

A

when medicine cant treat germs they use those to help treat with symtoms to make it easier to live with

78
Q

why do people get allergys

A

cells think theyre in danger and so they release bradykinin that makes eyes water ect
- capillary permibility increases walls more open vasodilliate

79
Q

how to deal with severe allergy (anaphylaxis)

A

epinephrine- injects chemical that narrows blood vessel opens airway to lungs

80
Q

how to deal with minor allergy

A

with a cream or oral antinstamines it triggers reaction of rashes ect tp help stop reaction from occuring

(just take before coming in contact)

81
Q

whats rheumatoid arthiritis

A

its immune response against body joints

82
Q

whats rheumatic fever

A

inflamatory responce to body starts attacking connective tissue and then could shut down heart

83
Q

whats typel diabetes

A

its glucose build up in the bloodstream with little or no inslin in blood stream

84
Q

whats multiple sclerosis

A

t cells inticate a attack on signals to nervous system (myelin) leads to memory loss

85
Q

why are some organs for transplants rejected

A

because the antigens on it are not simlar to what your body already has

  • if rejected killer t could attack it so thats why people take immunosuppresents so killer t dont attack

bio 20 (11 decks)

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