TERMINOLOGY WEEKS 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

stop

A

articulatory gesture in which complete closure of the articulators occurs so that the airstream cannot escape through the mouth

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2
Q

plosive/oral stop

A

articulatory gesture with the airstream completely obstructed and the nasal tract is blocked off by raising the soft palate

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3
Q

nasal stop

A

articulatory gesture with the airstream completely obstructed in the oral cavity and the velum down so that air can pass through the nose

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4
Q

fricative

A

articulatory gesture with close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed

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5
Q

sibilant

A

higher-pitched hissing fricative sound (usually +strident)
Usually marked on a spectrogram with a high amplitude of noise

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6
Q

approximant

A

articulatory gesture with one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract narrowed enough to produce a turbulent airstream

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7
Q

lateral approximant

A

articulatory gesture with obstruction of the airstream at a point alongthe centre of the vocal tract, with incomplete closure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth

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8
Q

formant

A

an overtone that represents frequencies reinforced by the shape of the vocal tract and that gives a vowel its particular quality

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9
Q

suprasegmentals

A

variations in stress, pitch and length that are superimposed on syllables

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10
Q

stress

A

prominence of a syllable resulting from increased loudness, modification of segmental properties and pitch variation

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11
Q

frequency

A

property of a sound corresponding to the number of complete cycles of a pattern of air pressure variation in a second

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12
Q

pitch

A

an auditory property of sound on a scale from low to high , subjective interpretation of frequency

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13
Q

intonation

A

the pitch pattern in a sentence - it conveys meaning differences/is contrastive (but not phonemic)

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14
Q

trill

A

articulation in which articulators make multiple instances of repeated contact, driven by airflow / aerodynamic force in the same way that vocal fold vibration is driven by airflow

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15
Q

tap

A

articulated with a rapid brush of the articulator over the articulatory surface, driven by a single tap of an articulator against the articulatory surface (rapid muscle contraction)

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16
Q

lateral

A

articulated with airflow over the sides of the tongue

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17
Q

affricate

A

a phone consisting of a stop immediately followed by a fricative

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18
Q

glottal stop

A

sound (lack of sound) that occurs when the vocal folds are held tightly together
Examples: when you cough you hold the air in your throat to stabilize your chest and abdomen / because of the muscular contractions in your chest and abdomen

19
Q

front vowel

A

highest point of the tongue is in the front of the mouth

20
Q

back vowel

A

tongue is closest to the back surface of the articulatory tract

21
Q

rounded

A

of a vowel, produced with rounding of the lips

22
Q

unrounded

A

of a vowel, pronounced without rounding of the lips

23
Q

citation style

A

careful speech, the type of speech used to show someone how to pronounce a word

24
Q

connected speech

A

the style of speech used in normal conversation, as articulatory gestures are continuous by nature and are not entirely discrete / separate from each other

25
Q

phonology

A

the description of the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in a language

26
Q

minimal set

A

group of words in which each differs from all the others by only one sound

27
Q

movement from one vowel to another within a single syllable

A

diphthong

28
Q

characterizes sounds according to whether or not they are in distinctive phonetic contrast or not, conveying meaning differences

A

distribution

29
Q

characteristic of sounds that can be used to differentiate meaning of words in a language

A

distinctiveness/contrast

30
Q

describes a phonetic difference that is contrastive & differentiates distinct words

A

phonemic

31
Q

status of two sounds where one can be substituted for another in the same environment without changing the meaning, without a contrastive distribution

A

free variation

32
Q

complementary distribution

A

status of allophones of a phoneme where one allophone occurs in one environment and the other occurs in another environment, never occurring in the same environment (mutually exclusive)

33
Q

allophone

A

a sound that is a variant of a phoneme

34
Q

diacritic

A

small mark added to a phonetic symbol to modify its value
E.g. devoicing diacritic, dentalization diacritic

35
Q

broad transcription

A

transcription that uses the simplest set of possible symbols (phonemic transcription)

36
Q

narrow transcription

A

transcription that shows phonetic detail, either by using more specific symbols or by representing allophonic differences

37
Q

impressionistic transcription

A

transcription showing only the phonetic value of sounds, without phonological analysis

38
Q

aspiration

A

a period of voicelessness after a stop articulation and before the start of the voicing of a following vowel

39
Q

nasal plosion

A

release of a stop preceding a nasal consonant with lowering of the soft palate for the nasal

40
Q

homorganic

A

describes two consonants that have the same place of articulation

41
Q

lateral plosion

A

the effect of built-up air pressure released by lowering the sides of the tongue - caused when a homorganic stop immediately follows a lateral approximant to make [l] syllabic

42
Q

obstruent

A

natural class of sounds consisting of affricates, fricatives and stops

43
Q

velarization

A

secondary articulation of the voiced alveolar lateral approximant /l/ made with an upward arching of the back of the tongue

44
Q

liquid

A

a term for the approximants /r/ and /l/ (approximants that are not glides/semivowels)