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Bacteriology > Anaerobic Bacteria > Flashcards

Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram positive bacilli

A

Actinomyces israelii, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Eubacterium, Lactobacillus, Mobiluncus, and Propionibacterium

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2
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram positive cocci

A

Peptococcus niger and Peptostreptococcus

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3
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram negative rods

A

Bacteroides, Bilophila, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Prevotella

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4
Q

Which bacteria are anaerobic gram negative cocci

A

Veillonella

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5
Q

What are the different types of anaerobic bacteria?

A
  1. Facultative anaerobes: can grow aerobically and anaerobically
  2. Obligate anaerobe: require anaerobic conditions to grow
  3. Strict obligate anaerobe: cannot tolerate more than 0.5% oxygen
  4. Moderate obligate anaerobe: can tolerate 2-8% oxygen
  5. Aerotolerant anaerobes: grows poorly in ambient air (21% oxygen)
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6
Q

General body sites for anaerobic bacteria

A

Mucosal surfaces in GI tract, genitourinary tract, oral cavity, and upper respiratory tract; anaerobic bacteria can live in sites because facultatively anaerobic organisms use oxygen and outnumber these organisms

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7
Q

Exogenous vs endogenous diseases

A

Exogenous: from organisms, toxins, or spores from outside of the body, leading to disease; Ex: tetanus or botulism
Endogenous: caused by the host’s normal flora when someone is immunosuppressed, trauma, or malignancy

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8
Q

What are the most common anaerobic bacteria causing infections

A

Bacteroides fragilis group, pigmented Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, and anaerobic cocci

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9
Q

Which specimen are acceptable for anaerobic cultures?

A

Abscess aspirates, tissue/biopsy, suprapubic aspirate urine, blood/body fluids, protected brush bronchoscopy specimen, and anaerobic swabs (least desirable)

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10
Q

Which specimen are unacceptable for anaerobic cultures?

A

Material from superficial skin sites, voided or catheterized urine, expectorated sputum, throat/ nasopharyngeal swabs, bronchial washings, genital swabs, rectal swabs, and stool (unless it is for C. diff)

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11
Q

Anaerobic blood agar

A

nonselective media for growth of obligate and facultative anaerobic bacteria; Ex: CDC BAP, Brucella blood agar, enriched-brain-heart infusion blood agar, and Schaedler blood agar

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12
Q

Anaerobic phenylethyl alcohol blood agar (PEA)

A

inhibits facultative GNRs and supports growth of facultative GP and anaerobic bacteria

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13
Q

Bacteroides bile-esculin agar (BBE)

A

selective and differential agar that is used to isolate and identify Bacteroides fragilis group; it contains gentamicin (inhibits facultative organisms), bile (inhibits other anaerobes), and esculin (to identification of this group b/c it hydrolyzes esculin)

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14
Q

Cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA)

A

selective and differential agar for the isolation of Clostridium difficile; Cycloserine and cefoxitin are used to inhibit other organisms and C. difficile metabolizes proteins in the agar resulting is yellow colonies (agar is naturally pink)

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15
Q

Kanamycin-Vancomycin laked blood (KVLB) agar

A

selects for Bacteroides and Prevotella spp.; Kanamycin inhibits facultative GNRs and vancomycin inhibits GP; laked blood (hemolyzed blood) allows for certain Prevotella spp. to produce a brown/black pigment

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16
Q

Paromomycin-vancomycin laked blood (PVLB) agar

A

similar to KVLB except it has paromomycin instead of kanamycin; paromomycin will inhibit GNRs that are resistant to kanamycin

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17
Q

Thioglycollate broth (THIO)

A

nonselective where anaerobic bacteria grow towards the bottom of the broth and aerobic bacteria grow towards the top

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18
Q

What are the incubation requirements for anaerobic bacteria?

A

Anaerobic environment: 80-90% Nitrogen gas, 5-10% hydrogen gas, and 5-10% CO2; hydrogen gas removed oxygen by forming water with it and CO2 helps capnophiles grow
Grow at 35-37C

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19
Q

Clostridium spp. characteristics

A

obligate anaerobic GPR, spore-forming, and mostly catalase negative

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20
Q

C. perfringens diseases

A

most frequently isolated species; can cause bacteremia, food poisoning, cellulitis, female genital tract infections, and myonecrosis (gas gangrene)

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21
Q

C. perfringens characteristics

A

Colonies: gray, yellow, circular, glossy with a double zone of B hemolysis
GS: boxcar GPR, singly or paired, with central to subterminal oval spores
Biochemicals: lecithinase +, reverse CAMP +, and Nagler +

22
Q

C. difficile diseases

A

causes antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis
Can be toxigenic (toxin A and B) or nontoxigenic; EIA tests can be done to see if either toxin is present

23
Q

C. difficile characteristics

A

Colony: creamy yellow/gray/white; irregular, coarse, and fluoresces under UV light; smells like horse manure
GS: straight GPR in short chains with rare oval subterminal spores and free spores
Biochemicals: weakly mannitol +, esculin +

24
Q

C. botulinum diseases

A

causes botulism by producing different types of botulinal neurotoxin, leading to flaccid paralysis; there are different categories of botulism: food-bourne, wound, and infant

25
Q

C. botulinum characteristics

A

Colony: gray/white, irregular, usually B hemolytic
GS: GPR singly or in pairs with oval, subterminal spores causing swelling of cells
Can detect the toxins

26
Q

C. tetani diseases

A

causes tetanus with the tetanospasmin toxin that binds to components of the neuroexocytotic apparatus, blocking inhibitory impulses to motor neurons (leads to spastic paralysis)

27
Q

C. tetani characteristics

A

asaccharolytic, can form a film over the entire agar surface; narrow B zone
GS: drumstick appearance

28
Q

C. septicum diseases

A

bacteremia associated with neoplasias, particularly colon and breast cancer, leukemia, and lymphoma

29
Q

C. septicum characteristics

A

Colony: gray, translucent, swarm, and B hemolytic
GS: pleomorphic GPR that can produce long filaments and rare oval spores
Biochemicals: sucrose - and DNase +

30
Q

Actinomyces spp diseases

A

causes actinomycosis: a chronic granulomatous infection that can result in abscess formation with draining sinuses (can be in brain, lower resp tract, and genital tract); the discharge frequently has sulfur granules (masses of bacteria), which is diagnostic

31
Q

Actinomyces spp. characteristics

A

GS: beaded appearance from irregular staining
Colony: All microaerophilic except A. meyeri (obligate anaerobe) and slow growing; spiderlike or wooly when young and molar tooth or raspberry like when old
Catalase -, indole -, nonmotile, nitrate +
A. israelii: most common, esculin + & urea -
A. meyeri: esculin - & urea -
A. naeslundii: urea +
A. odontolyticus: pigmented
A. viscosus: catalase +

32
Q

Propionibacterium spp. diseases

A

Can cause infections of the skin, conjunctiva, bone, joint, and CNS; associated with surgical procedures

33
Q

Propionibacterium spp. characteristics

A

GS: pleomorphic rods with diphtheroid appearance
Both nitrate + esculin -, nonmotile, and urea -
P. acnes: aerotolerant, catalase +, indole +
P. propionicum: not aerotolerant, catalase -, indole -

34
Q

Bifidobacterium spp. characteristics

A

Catalase -, indole -, nitrate -, esculin +, nonmotile, urea -, and variably aerotolerant

35
Q

Eubacterium spp. characteristics

A

GS: can have branching
nitrate -, arginine stimulates growth, catalase -, indole -, nonmotile, urea -, and strictly anaerobic

36
Q

Lactobacillus spp. characteristics

A

catalase -, indole -, nitrate -, nonmotile, urea -, lactic acid is a major product; most are facultatively anaerobic

37
Q

Mobiluncus spp. characteristics

A

strictly anaerobic, catalase -, indole -, esculin -, motile, urea -
Key: motile while other non-spore forming GPR are all nonmotile

38
Q

How are microaerophilic streptococcus spp. differentiated from anaerobic streptococcus

A

Metronidazole: microaerophilic are resistant and anaerobic are susceptible

39
Q

Finegoldia magna (Peptostreptococcus previously) characteristics

A

SPS resistant, indole -, urease -, cells are > 0.6 um

40
Q

Parvimonas micra (Peptostreptococcus previously) characteristics

A

SPS resistant, indole -, urease -, cells < 0.6 um

41
Q

Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus (Peptostreptococcus previously) characteristics

A

SPS resistant, indole +, urease -, cells < 0.6 um

42
Q

Peptostreptococcus anaerobius

A

SPS susceptible, indole -, urease -, cells < 0.6 um

43
Q

Peptococcus niger characteristics

A

black pigmented colonies and catalase +

44
Q

Bacteroides spp. diseases

A

can cause abscesses, mainly intra-abdominal, perineal, and perirectal
B. fragilis group causes bacteremia

45
Q

B. fragilis group general biochemicals

A

Resistant to vanc, kanamycin, and colistin
Grows in 20% bile, nitrate -, and urea -

46
Q

Other Bacteroides spp. biochemicals

A

Resistant to vanc and kanamycin, but variable for colistin and growth in bile, nitrate -, urea -

47
Q

How are the species within the Bacteroides fragilis group differentiated from each other?

A

B. fragilis: esculin +, catalase +, indole -, Arabinose -, salicin -
B. ovatus: esculin +, catalase +, indole +, arabinose +, salicin +
B. thetaiotaomicron: esculin +, catalase +, indole +, arabinose +, salicin -
B. vulgatus: esculin -, catalase -, indole -, arabinose +, salicin -

48
Q

Fusobacterium spp. diseases

A

F. nucleatum: most frequently isolated; associated with Lemierre’s syndrome (necrobacillosis) and can cause severe peritonsillar abscesses that lead to neck infections, jugular vein thrombophlebitis, and bacteremia
Other spp. are associated with intra-abdominal infections

49
Q

Fusobacterium spp. biochemicals

A

All spp.: Resistant to vanc. and susceptible to kanamycin and colistin, catalase -, nitrate -, urea -
F. mortiferum: grows in 20% bile, indole -
F. necrophorum: variable bile growth, indole +
F. nucleatum: no growth in bile, indole +
F. varium: grows in bile, indole variable

50
Q

Veillonella spp. diseases and biochemicals

A

can cause head/neck, respiratory, and bite infections
Resistant to vanc. and susceptible to kanamycin and colistin, does not grow in bile, indole -, nitrate +, urea -
Only one that is nitrate + for GN anaerobes

51
Q

Prevotella spp. diseases and biochemicals

A

commonly found in the oral cavity and are associated with genitourinary tract infections
Resistant to both vanc. and kanamycin but variable for colistin, does not grow in bile, catalase -, nitrate -, urea -

52
Q

Porphyromonas spp. biochemicals

A

asaccharolytic, Resistant to kanamycin and colistin and susceptible to vanc., does not grow in bile, nitrate -, urea -
Only GN anaerobe that is susceptible to vancomycin

Bacteriology (9 decks)

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