Security in the Contemporary World

Question 1

Traditional security:Internal security

Answer 1

Importance:
- Varied over time
- Depended on context and situation
[Threats from groups or communities within borders. ex:Examples: civil wars, rebellions, revolutions]

Question 2

Traditional security:external security

Answer 2

Importance
-Increased after World War II
-Involved global and regional conflicts.

[Threats from other countries or alliances e.g.Cold War, NATO, Warsaw Pact]

Question 3

US-led Western alliance:Feared military attack from Soviet-led alliance

Answer 3

Supported capitalism and democracy
- Examples: NATO, France, UK, West Germany

Question 4

Soviet-led Communist alliance:Feared military attack from US-led alliance

Answer 4

Supported communism and socialism
Examples: Warsaw Pact, USSR, China, East Germany

Question 5

Decolonisation:European powers

Answer 5

-Faced violence from colonised people
-Tried to maintain control over colonies
Examples: France in Vietnam, UK in Kenya

Question 6

Colonised people:demanded independence from European powers

Answer 6

Resisted colonial rule and oppression
Examples: Viet Minh, Mau Mau

Question 7

security challenges in : Europe

Answer 7

Different from Asia and Africa
| |– Involved Cold War alliances
| |– Faced external threats from other countries or alliances

Question 8

security challenges : Asia and Africa

Answer 8

Different from Europe
Faced external and internal threats
[Between
1946 and 1991, there was a
twelve-fold rise in the number of
civil wars—the greatest jump in
200 years]

Examples of external threats

    Military conflict with neighbours
     Border and territorial disputes
     Control of people and populations **Examples of internal threats**  Separatist movements
          |-- Civil wars
          |-- Merging of external and internal threats

Question 9

TRADITIONAL SECURITY AND
COOPERATION

Answer 9

• Countries should respect the lives and rights of non-combatants and enemies
• Countries should avoid excessive or unnecessary violence
• self-defence or to protect other
  people from genocide.
• disarmament, arms control, and
  confidence building.
• Arms control regulates the
  acquisition or development of
  weapons.
• confidence building as a
  means of avoiding violence.
  Confidence building is a process
  in which countries share ideas
  and information with their rivals.

• traditional conceptions
  of security are principally
  concerned with the use, or threat
  of use, of military force. In
  traditional security, force is both
  the principal threat to security
  and the principal means of
  achieving security

Question 10

Disarmament related treaty -

Answer 10

• the 1972 Biological
  Weapons Convention (BWC)
• the 1992 Chemical Weapons
  Convention (CWC) banned the
  production and possession of
  these weapons.
• The Anti-ballistic
  Missile (ABM) Treaty in 1972
• NPT - 1967

** 155
states acceded to the BWC and
181 states acceded to the CWC.**

Question 11

NON-TRADITIONAL NOTIONS:

Answer 11

Non-traditional views
of security have been called
‘human security’ or ‘global
security’

Human security is about the
protection of people more than the
protection of states.

Question 12

HUMAN SECURITY : PROPOENET OF NARROW AND BROAD

Answer 12

• Proponents of
  the ‘narrow’ concept of human
  security focus on violent
  threats to individuals
• Proponents of
  the ‘broad’ concept of human
  security argue that the threat
  agenda should include
  hunger, disease and natural
  disasters because these kill far
  more people than war, genocide
  and terrorism combined.

UN Secretary-General Kofi
Annan puts it, “the protection of
communities and individuals from
internal violence”**

Question 13

GLOBAL SECURITY:

Answer 13

WORLD WORK TOGETHER TO SOLVE ISSUES THAT CAN’T BE SOLVED WITHOUT - COOPERATION B/W COUNTRIES .

Question 14

Terrorism?

Answer 14

• political
  violence thattargets civilians
  deliberately and indiscriminately.
  International terrorism involves
  the citizens or territory of more
  than one country.

• 11 September 2001 when terrorists
  attacked the World Trade Centre in
  America.
• most of the
  terror attacks have occurred in the
  Middle East, Europe, Latin
  America and South Asia

Question 15

Human rights have come to
be classified into three types. WHAT ARE THOSE ?

Answer 15

• first type is political rights such as
  freedom of speech and assembly.
• The second type is economic and
  social rights.
• The third type is the
  rights of colonised people or ethnic
  and indigenous minorities.

• there is no
  agreement on which set of rights
  should be considered as universal.
• Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait,
  the genocide in Rwanda.
• Indonesian military’s killing of
  people in East Timor

Question 16

Global poverty?

Answer 16

half of world population- 6 countries-India, China,
Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh
and Indonesia.
* gap between
the Northern and Southern
countries of the world.

** sub-Saharan Africa,
which is also the poorest region
of the world.**
* migration to
seek a better life, especially better
economic opportunities, in the
North.

Question 17

People who have fled their
homes but remain within national
borders are called‘internally
displaced people’. example ?

Answer 17

Kashmiri
Pandits that fled the violence in the
Kashmir Valley in the early 1990s
are an example of an internally
displaced community.

• From 1990 to
  1995, 70 states were involved in
  93 wars which killed about 55 lakh
  people.
• in the 1990s, all but
  three of the 60 refugee flows
  coincided with an internal
  armed conflict.

Question 18

Health epidemics?

Answer 18

• By 2003, an estimated 4 crore
  people were infected with HIVAIDS worldwide,** two-thirds of
  them in Africa and half of the rest
  in South Asia.**
• North America
  and other industrialised countries,
  new drug therapies dramatically
  lowered the death rate from HIVAIDS in the late 1990s.
• africa condition remain stagnated.

• late 1990s,
  Britain has lost billions of dollars
  of income during an outbreak of
  the mad-cow disease, and bird flu.
• countries in
  **
  adults has the disease (one iSouthern Africa, HIV-AIDS poses
  a serious threat **as one in sixn three
  for Botswana, the worst case)
• 1994, the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda
  faced a threat to its existence as
  nearlyfive lakh of its people were
  killed by the rival Hutu tribe in a
  matter of weeks.

Question 19

security
strategy has four broad
components:INDIA’S SECURITY STRATEGY

Answer 19

• its military capabilities
  because India has been involved
  in conflicts with its neighbours.[Pakistan in 1947–48, 1965, 1971
  and 1999; China in 1962]
• India’s security strategy has been
  to strengthen international norms
  and international institutions to
  protect its security interests.[It argued for
  an equitable New International
  Economic Order (NIEO).][India** joined 160**
  countries that have signed and
  ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol,
  which provides a roadmap for
  reducing the emissions of
  greenhouse gases ]
• geared
  towards meeting security challenges within the country.
  Several militant groups from areas
  such as the Nagaland, Mizoram,
  the Punjab, and Kashmir among
  others have, from time to time,
  sought to break away from India.
• there has been an
  attempt in India to develop its
  economy in a way that the vast
  mass of citizens are lifted out of
  poverty and misery and huge
  economic inequalities are not
  allowed to exist.

Question 20

. India first tested a
nuclear device in

Answer 20

1974