Lecture 6: Kingdom Fungi

Question 1

What is in the structure of a fungus?

Answer 1

Chitin, mycelium, and hyphae( septa and coenocytic)

Question 2

What is chitin?

Answer 2

The fungal cell wall

Question 3

What is mycelium?

Answer 3

The interwoven multicellular fungal mass

Question 4

What is hyphae?

Answer 4

The fungal filament

Question 5

What is septa?

Answer 5

They are divisions for the cells in the hyphae and have pores for sharing resources

Question 6

What are coenocytic hyphae?

Answer 6

Hyphae that have no septa and are continuous multinuclear cytoplasm.

Question 7

What is a feature of fungi?

Answer 7

They have unknown flagellated protists ancestor.

Question 8

What are some phylum in the fungi kingdom?

Answer 8

1. Chytridiomycota
2. Zygomycota
3. Ascomycota
4. Basidiomycota

Question 8

What are some characteristics of chytridiomycota(chytrids)?

Answer 8

They translate to “little pot fungus”. They are the earliest lineage of fungi. Some may be unicellular but other have mycelia.

Question 9

What is a zoospore?

Answer 9

A flagellated spore

Question 10

What is chytridiomycosis?

Answer 10

A fungal disease in amphibians that is linked to worldwide decline and extinctions.

Question 11

What are some characteristics of zygomycota(zygote fungus)?

Answer 11

It translates to “joined fungus” and has coenocytic hyphae

Question 12

What is a genus of zygomycota?

Answer 12

Rhizopus(only) stolonifer which black bread mold

Question 13

How does zygomycota reproduce?(Asexual)

Answer 13

Asexual reproduction where the mycelium forms sporangia that produces genetically identical zygospores.

Question 14

What is kariogamy?

Answer 14

The fusion of the nuclei

Question 15

What are some characteristics of ascomycota(sac fungi)?

Answer 15

The ascus translates to “sac” and means spore. The ascocarp means fruiting body as a whole.

Question 16

What is a genus of ascomycota?

Answer 16

Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is brewer’s yeast(beer) and is unicellular. Another example is candida albicans which is the yeast in yeast infections.

Question 17

How does ascomycota reproduce? (Asexual)

Answer 17

Ascomycota reproduce by budding which is where one individual separates. In addition, ascomycota in asexual reproduction starts with conidiophore which produced genetically identical conodia and break off as spores which land and germinate and develop into identical mycellium.

Question 18

What is a genus for ascomycota that is multicellular?

Answer 18

Neurospora which is powdery mildew. This is used for research in mitosis and meiosis. Another example is penicillium which is penecillin.

Question 19

What are some characteristics of basidiomycota(club fungi)?

Answer 19

Basidium means little pedestal. The basidiocarp is the fruiting body or the mushroom.

Question 20

What is the stipe in a mushroom?

Answer 20

The stalk

Question 21

What is the pileus of a mushroom?

Answer 21

The cap

Question 22

What is the gills in a mushroom?

Answer 22

The produce spores

Question 23

How does basidiomycota reproduce(asexual)?

Answer 23

In asexual reproduction, the mycelium grows underground and reproduces cell through mitosis. The fracturing of mycelium allows for each mycelium to grow on its own.

Question 24

How does the basidiomycota reproduce (sexual)?

Answer 24

In sexual reproduction, the mating types meet and extend their hyphae and fuse through plasmogamy. They create dikaryotic cells that grow into basidiocarps(mushrooms). In the gills(basidia) there are haploids that fuse in karyogamy and create diploid cells into a zygote. Meiosis occurs to produce 4 haploid nuclei that become basidiospores that eventually fly out and spore off into new mycelia

Question 25

What are decomposers?

Answer 25

The breakdown and absorption of dead matter

Question 26

What is mycorrhizae?

Answer 26

The association of fungus with plant roots

Question 27

What is haustoria?

Answer 27

When the hyphae extend to plant cells and pierce through the cell wall but not membrane, only touch. They extend their nutrients this way.

Question 28

What is endophytes?

Answer 28

A symbiotic relationships when fungi live inside the plant tissue.

Question 29

What are some benefits that fungi give to plants?

Answer 29

Produce toxins against animals. They also give protection against pathogens. An example is taxol that comes from yew for breast cancer and LSD that comes from rye.

Question 30

What is lichen?

Answer 30

A mutualist relationship between fungus and prokaryotic cyanobacteria. Also a relationship between fungus and green algae.

Question 31

What is mycosis?

Answer 31

A fungal infection

Question 32

What is a genus of pathogenic fungus?

Answer 32

Candida albicans which is yeast infection. Another is dermatophytosis which is multiple fungal infections.

Question 33

What are general fungal infections?

Answer 33

Tinea pedis is athlete’s foot. Tinea corporis which is in the legs, arms, trunk. Tinea cruris which is in the groin. Tine capitis which is in the scalp

Question 34

How does ascomycota reproduce? (Sexual)

Answer 34

In sexual reproduction, they are similar to asexual but instead of landing, they land on a hyphae of a different mating type. Plasmogamy occurs and create a dikaryotic cell and encloses in a sac. Karyogamy occurs and produce a diploid zygote. Meiosis occurs whcih produced four haploid nuclei that undergo mitosis that produce 8 ascospores.

Question 35

How does zygomycota reproduce? (sexual)

Answer 35

It can also reproduce through sexual reproduction where the mating is either + and - and called gametangia. This occurs in the hyphae extensions. The haploid gamentangia fuse through plasmogamy into a dikaryotic cell. The cell is later zygosporangium which develops a rough coat to survive harsh conditions.