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Biology 007 > Lecture 26: Anatomy and Physiology II(urinary system) > Flashcards

Lecture 26: Anatomy and Physiology II(urinary system) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. regulates composition and volume of extracellular fluid
  2. removes metabolic waste from blood and combines with excess water, electrolytes to form urine
  3. secretes erythropoietin hormone for red blood cell production
  4. secretes renin enzyme to maintain blood volume and blood pressure
  5. processes 180 L of filtrate daily
    -filters entire plasma volume around 60x a day
    -entire plasma volume is filtered every 22 minutes
    -only less than one percent of fluids leaves body as urine
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2
Q

What is erythroproietin?

A

Hormone for red blood cell production

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3
Q

What is included or is the structure of the kidneys?

A
  1. hilum
  2. renal sinus
  3. renal medulla
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4
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The concave part of the kidney where it is the entrance/exit for blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and ureter

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5
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

It is the hollow chamber of the kidney

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6
Q

What is included in the renal medulla?

A
  1. renal pyramids
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7
Q

What is included in the renal pyramids

A
  1. renal papillae
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8
Q

What are renal pyramids in the renal sinus?

A

The striated conical tissue which is around 8 lobes

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9
Q

What is the renal papillae in the renal pyramids?

A

The small projections into minor calyx. Also, there are parallel bundles of urine collecting tubes

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10
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

The middle part of the kidney

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11
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

The granular shell around renal pyramids

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12
Q

What are renal columns in the renal cortex?

A

Cortex tissue that separates medulla

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13
Q

What are nephrons?

A

The functional unit of the kidney

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14
Q

How are the nephrons separated?

A
  1. renal corpuscle
  2. renal tubule
  3. collecting duct
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15
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. glomerular capsule
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16
Q

What is glomerulus in the renal corpsucle?

A

The tangled cluster of blood capillaries or the “glom” which is the ball of yarn

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17
Q

What is the glomerular capsule?

A

It surrounds the glomerulus and is Bowman’s capsule

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18
Q

What are some features of renal corpuscle?

A
  1. glomerulus
  2. glomerular capsule
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19
Q

What are some features of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. loop of henle
  3. distal convoluted tubule
20
Q

What is the loop of Henle

A
  1. descending limb of the nephron loop
  2. ascending limb of the nephron loop
21
Q

What is the glomerular filtration?

A

The glomerular capillaries filter blood plasma

22
Q

What are some features of glomerular filtration?

A
  1. Afferent(incoming) arteriole is larger than efferent(outgoing) arteriole
  2. blood pressure is greater for blood entering glomerulus
  3. blood plasma is filtered into glomerular capsule
  4. filtration rate is affected by constriction/dilation of blood vessels and plasma colloid pressure
  5. only molecules smaller than 3 nm pass freely through such as water, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous waste. Also, blood cells or protein in urine indicated pathology
23
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Renal tubules return dissolved material back to peritubular capillaries.

24
Q

What is the process of tubular reabsorption?

A
  1. sodium ions is moved back by active transport
  2. water diffuses passively by osmosis
  3. Almost all water and sodium ions are reabsorbed
  4. Other chemicals reabsorbed: glucose, creatine, amino acids, urea, bicarbonate, potassium
25
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Peritubular capillaries allow material to be transported to renal tubules such as drugs, histamine, hydrogen ions, ammonia, potassium, urea, creatine, and hormones

26
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

It stimulates distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb sodium. Where the sodium moves into bloodstream and water follows

27
Q

What is angiotensin II?

A

It stimulates secretion of aldosterone

28
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone?

A

It increases water reabsorption by distal convoluted tubule

29
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Continuous high blood sugar over time

30
Q

What are the features of diabetes?

A
  1. kidney reach threshold of glucose reabsorption, excess glucose in nephron tubule

2.high osmotic pressure in nephron tubule inhibts water reabsorption

  1. increased urine output, dehydration, increased thirst, fruity odor in urine
31
Q

What is involved in regulating blood volume?

A
  1. aldosterone
  2. angiotensin II
  3. Antidiuretic hormone
32
Q

What is diuretic?

A

The process where it enhances urine output such as alcohol that inhibits aldosterone or caffeine that inhibits Na+ reabsorption, increases glomerular filtration(increased heart rate and blood flow)

33
Q

What is the chemical composition of urine?

A
  1. Water: 95%
  2. urea
  3. uric acid
  4. creatinine
34
Q

What is urea?

A

Breakdown of amino acids

35
Q

What is uric acids?

A

The breakdown of nucleic acids

36
Q

What is creatinine?

A

The breakdown of creatine used by skeletal muscles

37
Q

What is the composition of urine color?

A

urobilin

38
Q

What is urobilin?

A

The urochrome or the yellow pigment from destruction of heme

39
Q

What are abnormal signs in urine?

A
  1. cloudy: bacteria
  2. food pigments: beets
  3. bile pigments
  4. blood
40
Q

What is the pathway of urine elimination?

A
  1. nephron
  2. collecting duct
  3. renal papillae
  4. minor calyx
  5. major calyx
  6. renal pelvis
  7. ureter
  8. urinary bladder
  9. urethra
41
Q

What is the ureter?

A

Lined with smooth muscle to move urine by peristaltic waves to urinary bladder

42
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube from urinary bladder to outside the body

43
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

The hollow organ that stores urine

44
Q

What is the trigone?

A

The floor of urinary bladder that has 3 openings where 2 is the ureter and entrance and 1 urethra which is the exit

45
Q

What is the detrusor muscle?

A

The smooth muscle of bladder that has the bladder walls, internal urethral sphincter, and is involuntary

46
Q

What is mictruition?

A

The process that expels urine from urinary bladder

47
Q

What is the process of urine elimination?

A
  1. stretch receptors stimulated as bladder fills
    -triggers mictruition reflex
  2. detrusor muscle contracts rhythmically
    -sensation of urgency
  3. urge begins as bladder fills to 150mL, but capacity is 600 mL
  4. Passed 300 mL, sensation intensifies and bladder wall contracts more powerfully
  5. Once contractions are strong enough, internal urethral sphincter is forced open
  6. External urethral sphincter (voluntary relaxes and bladder empties

Biology 007 (40 decks)

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