Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3rd Year > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Nonneoplastic epithelial disorders of the vulva are

A

Lichen sclerosus
Lichen cimolex chronicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lichen sclerosus

A

Atrophic epithelium
Subepithelial dermal fibrosis
Bandlike chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lichen simplex chronicus

A

Hyperkeratosis
Hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most common congenital kidney diseases

A

ADPKD
RENAL DYSPLASIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ADPKD

A

10% of patients on maintenance renal dialysis
GENE IS PKD1 95%
Kidneys replaced with fluid filled cysts
Diagnoses only during adulthood
Causes renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What’s is the most important complication of ADPKD

A

Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which disease weights as much as 4 kg for each kidney

A

ADPKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cystic renal dysplasia

A

It’s a developmental abnormality
Can unilateral and bilateral
Kidney has immature nephrons
Cystic dilatations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unilateral cystic dysplasia

A

More common then bilateral
Abdominal palpations
Abnormal mass
Non progressive
Non invasive
Replacement of the renal parenchyma with cluster of cysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bilateral cystic dysplasia

A

Associated with urinary tract abnormalities
Renal failure in neonatal period
Both kidneys don’t developed properly in the womb there are bundles of cysts in the kidney
No working kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Most common abdominal mass in infants

A

1= cystic renal dysplasia
2= wilms tumor
3= neuroblastoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ARPKD

A

Present at birth
Renal failure caused by PKHD1 gene
Fibrocystin protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common genetic cause of end stage renal diseases in children and young adults

A

Familial juvenile nephronophthisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in humans

A

Chronic glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List primary glomerulonephritis

A

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List secondary glomerulonephritis

A

Systemic lupus erythamousus
Henoch schonlein purpura
Diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 non exclusive mechanism of the antibody depositions in the glomerulus

A

1= deposition of circulating antigen antibody complexes
2= antibodies reacting in situ within the glomerulus either with fixed or planted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Immune couplex + coupleman leads to inflammation

A

Nephritic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Immune couplex no couplaman disrupts glomerular permeability

A

Nephrotic syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most important glomerular lesions of diabetic nephropathy are

A

1- capillary basement membrane
2- diffuse mesangial sclerosis
3- nodular glomerulosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s is nodular glomerulosclerosis also known as

A

Kimmelsteil Wilson disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List primary glomerular diseases

A

Minimal change disease
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Membranous nephropathy
IgA nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Secondary glomerular diseases

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus
Diabetes mellitus
Henoch schonlein purpura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

A

Minimal change disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the unique feature for MCD

A

Absence of glomerular pathology by the light microscopic evaluation
The pathogens is remain unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The most cause of nephrotic syndrome in adult

A

Membranous nephropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy

A

Immune complexes are formed in situ by PLAR2 autoantibodies binding to endogenous podocyte antigens
Or planted antigens
Autoimmune diseases and unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Main histoligical finding for MN

A

Diffused thickening of the GBM
Formation of spikes
No inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis pathogenicity

A

Segmental sclerosis of glomeruli as a primary diseases secondary hiv infection
Obesity
Heroin abuse
Reduced renal mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Electron microscopy of FSGS

A

Reveals diffuse foot process effacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

MEMBRANOPROLIFERATIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

A

Basement membrane thickening
Proliferation of glomerular cells
Caused be immune complex deposition
Trum track splitting of basement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

Acute glomerular inflammation
Nephritigenic stains of streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which disease is seen most commonly in children following GAS group A streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis
And skin infections

A

PSGN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

PSGN

A

Deposition of immmune complex’s within the glomerular basement membrane results in compliment activation and subsequent damage to the glomeruli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Immunfluorescence OF PSGN

A

Granular staninjng pattern for igG and c3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Electron microscopy of PSGN

A

Large subepithelial humps of deposited immune complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

SYSTEMIC LUPUS NEPHRITIS

A

The body’s own immune system attacks the body’s own cells and organs and when kidneys are affected it’s SLN
Autoimmune disease which antinuclear autoantibodies are produced that form immune complexes with self nuclear antigen

38
Q

One of the most serious complications of SLE IS

A

Renal failure

39
Q

Most common SLE IS

A

Diffuse lupus nephritis class 4

40
Q

DIFFUSE SLE is

A

Extencisive subendothlial immune complex deposition may leas to GBM THICKINING CREATE APPEARANCE OF WIRE LOOps

41
Q

Diabetes nephropathy pathogenisis

A

AGES May stimulate the production of cytokines and growth factors that lead to the increased synthesis of matrix protein in the glomerular mesgangium

42
Q

Hallmark for DN

A

Deposits of matrix material in the mesangium and capillary wall
Diffuse glomerular basement thickening and progressive scarring

43
Q

What are the three pathophysiogical mechanisms that lead to RPGN

A

1= anti glomerular basement membrane disease good postures syndrome
2= immune complex glomerulonephritis
3= pauci immune glomerulonephritis ANCA associated with vascullitides

44
Q

Which diseases is a frequent cause of recurrent hematuria in children and young adults

A

IGA NEPHROPATHY

45
Q

Pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy

A

Increased no of IgA Antibodies

→ IgA antibodies form immune complexes that deposit in the renal mesangium → mesangial cell and complement system activation → glomerulonephritis (type III hypersensitivity reaction) [5]

46
Q

A hereditary nepthritis diseases with thin basement membrane

A

Alport disease
Mutations affecting the type 4 BM Collagen

47
Q

Henoch schonlein purpura also known as IGA vasculitis

A

Acute immune complex mediated small vessel vascutltis
Common in children
Palpable purpura
Arthritis arthralgias
Renal involvement

48
Q

Characteristics of the benign nephrosclerosis

A

Hypertension
Hyaline arteriosclerosis
Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy

49
Q

Characteristics of the malignant nephrosclerosis

A

Malignant HYPERTENSION
Fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Onion skinning

50
Q

What is nephrosclerosis

A

Hypertension causing narrowing of renal arteries resulting in chronic ischemia

51
Q

Benign nephrosclerosis

A

Increased systemic blood pressure (e.g., due to chronic hypertension) below the protective autoregulatory threshold → benign nephrosclerosis (sclerosis of afferent arterioles and small arteries) → ↓ perfusion → ischemic damage

52
Q

malignant nephrosclerosis

A

In case BP exceeds threshold → acute injury → malignant nephrosclerosis (petechial subcapsular hemorrhages, visible infarction with necrosis of mesangial and endothelial cells, thrombosis of glomeruli capillaries, luminal thrombosis of arterioles, and red blood cell extravasation and fragmentation) → failure of autoregulatory mechanisms → ↑ damage

53
Q

Morphology of malignant nephrosclerosis

A

Petechial hemorrhage
Flea bitten appearance

54
Q

Which disease is responsible for 2-5% of hypertension cases

A

Unilateral renal artery stenosis

55
Q

Most common cause of renal artery stenosis

A

Narrowing of renal artery by an atheronatous plaque
Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery

56
Q

Which disease patchy papillary necrosis

A

Sickle cell nephropathy

57
Q

Uncommon condition that occurs after obstetric emergency

A

Diffuse cortical necrosis

58
Q

What is pyelonephritis

A

When inflammation is the the result of an infection in the renal pelvis
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue

59
Q

Factor causing p
Acute and chronic pyelonephritis

A

Infection via hematogenous route
Obstructive lesions

60
Q

Thyroidization is in acute or chronic pyelonephritis

A

Chronic

61
Q

What is a n chronic urate nephropathy or gouty nephropathy

A

Urate deposits evoke a mononuclear response that contains giant cells

62
Q

Hydronephrosis means

A

Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces

63
Q

Malakoplakia

A

Michaelis gutmann bodies
Chronic granulomatous inflammation

64
Q

Urothelial carcinoma

A

90% of all bladder tumors
Multifocal
Painless hematuria
In males more
Schistosoma haematobium

65
Q

Clinical course of bladder cancer

A

Tendency to developed new tumors
Recurrences may show high grade
Cuz or high grade papillary cancer refractory to BCG

66
Q

What are the benign neoplasms

A

Renal papillary adenoma
Angiomyolipomas
Oncocytoma

67
Q

Malignant tumors of the kidney

A

Renal cell carcinoma
Wilms tumor
Urothelial carcinomas of the calyces and pelvis

68
Q

What are the three classification of the renal cell carcinoma

A

1= clear cell carcinoma
2= papillary carcinoma
3= chromophobe carcinoma

69
Q

What does a clear cell renal cell carcinoma involve

A

A tumor suppressor gene VHL

70
Q

What does a papillary renal cell involve

A

MET PROTO ONCOGENE

71
Q

Clinical features is renal cell carcinoma

A

Sixth to seventh decades
Smoker
Hypertensive
Obese
Chronic dialysis
Paraneoplastic syndromes

72
Q

Morphology RCC

A

Usually solitary
Area of necrosis and hemorrhage
Propensity to invade into renal pelvis
Papillary tumors bilateral and multiple

73
Q

Wilms tumor WAGR

A

W= wilms tumor
A= aniridia
G= genital abnormalities
R= retardation
Denys- drash syndrome
Beck with- wiednann syndrome

74
Q

What are the germ cell tumors

A

Seminomatous tumors
Seminoma
Nonseminomatous tumors
Embryonal carcinoma
Yolk sac
Choriocarcinoma

75
Q

What’s is the most common germ cell tumor

A

Seminoma

76
Q

What is the most common testicular tumor in men older then 60 years

A

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

77
Q

What is the most common form of prostatitis

A

Chronic a bacterial prostatitis

78
Q

Thyoes of prostatitis

A

Acute bacterial
Chronic bacterial
Chronic a bacterial
Granulomatous

79
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Very common
Androgen mediated growth
Not a malignant lesion
Central zone proliferation
Nodular growth pattern

80
Q

Prostatic intraeoithelial neoplasia

A

A putative precursor lesion
Can lead to cancer

81
Q

Prostate cancer or adneocarcinoma

A

70% peripheral zone
Hematogenous spread to the bones
Graded using gleason system
PSA MEASUREMENT

82
Q

Types of mastitis inflammation of breast

A

Acute mastitis and breast abscess
Chronic mastitis
Mammary duct ecstasia
Traumatic fat necrosis and galactocele

83
Q

Describe fat necrosis

A

Disruption of the regular patterns of lipocytes
Formation of lipid filled inflammatory cells and histocytes
Late stages there is replacement fibrosis and even calcification

84
Q

What is the most common benign breast condition producing vague lumpy breast rather then palpable lump in the breast

A

Fibrocyctic change
3rd and 5th decade of life

85
Q

Important Breast tumors

A

1- fibrosdenoma
2- phyllodes tumor
3- intraductal papilloma

86
Q

Types of malignant tumors

A

Non- invasive carcinoma in situ
Invasive cancer

87
Q

What is the most common benign tumor of female breast

A

Fibroadenoma

88
Q

Tumor suppressor gene mutations

A

TP53
BRCA1
BRCA2

89
Q

PROTO oncogenic mutations

A

PIK3CA
HER2
MYC
CCNDI

90
Q

Paget’s disease of the nipple

A

Palpable mass is detected in 50%-60% people
Palpable mass= invasive carcinoma

91
Q

Molecular test for breast cancer

A

ER
PR
HER2

3rd Year (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions