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3rd Year > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the predominant cations and anions of the intracellular fluid 28L

A

Cations= potassium and magnesium
Anions = proteins and phosphates

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2
Q

What are the predominant anions and Cations in extracellular fluid 14L

A

Cations= sodium
Anions= chlorine and bicarbonates

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3
Q

What are the results of a disturbed sodium balance disorder

A

Hyponatrema and hypernatremia

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4
Q

What determines the plasma osmolarity

A

Plasma sodium concentration

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5
Q

What is the most common electrolyte disorder

A

Hyponatremia

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6
Q

What is hyponatremia

A

Plasma Na concentration <135 mEq/L
Detected in 16-20% patients in urgency
Decrease in serum Na concentration and not serum sodium

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7
Q

What are the three
Types of hypotonic hyponatremia

A

Hypovolemic hyponatramia
Normovolemic hyp
Hypervolemic hyponatremia

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8
Q

What is hypokalemia and hyoerkalemis

A

k<3.5
K>5.5

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9
Q

Define isotonic,hypotonic ,hypertonic dehydration

A

Istonatremic dehydration= both loss of fluid and Na is similar
Hyponatremia dehydration= more Na is lost then water
Hyoernatremia= less Na then water is lost

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10
Q

Which patients are high risk for dehydration

A

Children
Elderly patients
Mental illness
Hospitalized in intensive care units
Are serious and can lead to death

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11
Q

Vasoconstriction decreases in the GFR IN

A

Afferent arteriole

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction increases GFR in

A

Efferent arteriol

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13
Q

What’s polyuria

A

Urine outgrowth exceeding 3L/ day

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14
Q

Oliguria

A

Low urine output 100-400 ml

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15
Q

Anuria

A

RO LESS THEN 100ml/day

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16
Q

Nocturia

A

Need to awake more then 1 time per night to void

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17
Q

Causes of hematuria

A

Tumor
Tuberculosis
Kidney stones

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18
Q

What is the early marker for a cardiovascular disease and diabetic nephropathy and vascular damage

A

Microalbuminnuria=30-399 albumin excretion a day

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19
Q

Glycosuria

A

When blood glucose exceeds 180mg/dl in the urine

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20
Q

Leukocyturia

A

More then 5 leukocytes in the urine
Sign for kidney infection

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21
Q

For diagnosis what is important

A

History taking
Physical examination
Lab tests

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22
Q

What are some physical examinations for any PCK DISEASE

A

Bimanula palpaption
Blood pressure
Anemia
Conjunctival pallor
Hyoervolemiam
Heyper volmia
Pruritus
Palpable purpura
Malar rash
Raynaud phenomenon

23
Q

If there is palpable kidneys in the abdomen it is 6 kg each

A

POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

24
Q

What should be cheeked for pylenoneohritis or inflaming of the kidneys

A

Check the costovertebal angle tenderness

25
Q

What is the acid base homeostasis

A

Tight regulation of Hydrogen

26
Q

What is the most important extracelluar buffer

A

Bicarbonate buffer

27
Q

What is the most important intracelluar bufffer

A

Phosphate

28
Q

What are the function of the renal acid base handling

A

Bicarbonate reabsorption
Net acid secretion

29
Q

Clinical presentations of acidemia

A

Hyperventilation kusmmaul breathing

30
Q

Clinical presentation of alkalamia

A

Paresthesias and tetany ionized ca decreased

31
Q

What is the hallmark of metabolic acidosis

A

Decrease in bicarbonate
ACID PH

32
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

PH ALKALINE
HIGH BIRCARBONATE

33
Q

Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis

A

KETOACIDOSIS DIABETIC
UREMIA RENAL FAILURE
SALICYKAYE INTOXICATION
SARVATION
METHANOL INTOXICATION
ALCOHOL KETOACIDOSIS
UNMEASURED OSMOLES
LACRTIC ACIDOSIS

34
Q

Compensatory response

A

Pco2 decreases
Compensatory response after 15-30 minutes
5 days up to maximal

35
Q

What is the most common acid base disorder

A

Respiratory alkalosis
Bad prognosis
PCo2 desrecese
Ph decreases

36
Q

What are the 3 types of acute kidney injury

A

1- prerenal AKI 60%
2- renal intrinsic AKI 30-35%
3- postrenal AKI 5%

37
Q

Causes of prerenal AKI

A

1- hypovolemia
2- decrease in cardiac output
3- systemic vasodilation
4- renal vasoconstriction
5- drugs that impair autoregulation and GFR

38
Q

Causes of the renal AKI

A

1- most common is ischemic and toxic acute tubular necrosis
2- macrobascukar causes
3- glormeruli and renal microvasculature ( glomerulonephritis)
4- tubulointerstitium

39
Q

Causes of postrenal AKI

A

Upper urinary tract obstructions( nephrolithiasis)
and lower urinary tract obstruction( benign prostatic)

40
Q

What are the three basic structures damaged in the filtration barrier in a glomerular disease

A

1- capillary endothelium
2- glomerular basement membrane
3- podcytes visceral epithelium of the bowman’s capsule

41
Q

Factors causing edema in nephrotic syndrome

A

1- decrease oncotic pressure
2- RAAS stimulation
3#-disturbance in sodium excretion

42
Q

Primary nephrotic syndrome

A

Minimal change disease
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis

43
Q

Secondary nephrotic syndrome

A

Diabetic nephropathy
SLE
AMYloidosis
Infections

44
Q

Most common clinical finding for nephrotic syndrome

A

Edema

45
Q

WHAT IS CHRONIC KIDENY DISEASE

A

Loss of kidney function>3 months
GFR =< 90 ml/ min

46
Q

What is the most common cause of CKD

A

Diabetic nephropathy

47
Q

Causes of the CKD

A

1- efferent arteriole constriction
2- increase in the intraglomerular pressure
3- arteriolosclerosis at the efffrernt arteriole

48
Q

Second common cause of CKD

A

Hypertension
# glom and tubular thinking of the walls
# hyalinization
# oxygen supple diminished
# ischemia and necrosis
# mesangial cell try to protect and secrete TGF BETA

49
Q

3- cause of CKD

A

Glomerulonephritis
GBM ALTERATION POROSITY

50
Q

4 th cause

A

Polycystic kidney disease
Cysts compared the arterials of nephrons
Obstruction of blood and oxygen supply

51
Q

Electrolytes cause CKD

A

Hyperphosphatemia
High postiassium
Hypocalcemia
Aloha 1 hydroxulase
Cholecalciferipo, vit d
Dilutional hyponatremia
Azotemia
Uremia
Albuminuria

52
Q

Hormones of CKD

A

Erythropoietin
RAAS
ALPHA 1 hydroxylase
Metabolic acidosis

53
Q

What are the predictors of the CKD

A

GFR
Albuminuira

3rd Year (7 decks)

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