Ch 4: Form and Function

Question 1

change that is proportional
to change in linear dimension

Answer 1

Isometric

Question 2

change that is not proportional.; comparable parts of different animals
do not usually differ proportionately

Answer 2

Allometric

Question 3

Allometric changes are overcome by change in _________, __________, and ___________________

Answer 3

relative dimensions, structural materials, and design

Question 4

body parts grow at different rates, reflecting mechanical constraints or changing needs

Answer 4

Ontogeny

Question 5

The backward force on the ground is resolved into vertical and horizontal vectors

Answer 5

vector resolution of forces

Question 6

a force

Answer 6

stress

Question 7

deformation due to stress

Answer 7

strain

Question 8

wall resists tension, fluid resists compression; makes up muscular processes

Answer 8

hydrostat

Question 9

movement at one joint requires movement of others

Answer 9

Kinematic Chain

Question 10

fulcrum lies between in-force and out-force

Answer 10

First order lever

Question 11

Both forces applied on the same side of the fulcrum but in-force farthest from fulcrum

Answer 11

Second order lever

Question 12

extracellular material, such as water, proteins, or carbohydrates, predominate over cellular components, including blood and adipose

Answer 12

Connective Tissue

Question 13

extracellular material with high tensile strength, flexibility, and low elasticity

Answer 13

Collagen

Question 14

extracellular material with high elasticity stretches easily, and recoils to normal length

Answer 14

Elastin

Question 15

type of dense connective tissue; dermis, organ capsules

Answer 15

irregular

Question 16

type of dense connective tissue; fibers in layers, unite bones at joints

Answer 16

ligaments

Question 17

type of dense connective tissue; fibers with cable-like arrangements, link muscles to bones and cartilage

Answer 17

tendons

Question 18

type of dense connective tissue; serves as a major embryonic skeletal tissue; composite, strong, and resists compression

Answer 18

cartilage

Question 19

type of cartilage; most common; extensive translucent matrix; covers ends of limb bones

Answer 19

Hyaline cartilage

Question 20

dense matrix of elastin fibers; low modulus of elasticity; external ear, epiglottis

Answer 20

Elastic cartilage

Question 21

many large collagen fibers; often graded into dense connective tissue of tendons and ligaments;
intervertebral discs, major connective tissue of the skeleton

Answer 21

Fibrocartilage

Question 22

Hard, resilient, highly vascularized, mineralized; Rigidity due to mineralization resists compression; fibrous component supplies some flexibility and resists tension and
torsion; Changes structure in response to forces applied to it throughout
life

Answer 22

bone

Question 23

collagen in randomly organized bundles; young individuals

Answer 23

Woven bone

Question 24

collagen organized in parallel
sheets with osteocytes between the layers; Contains red and yellow bone marrow

Answer 24

Lamellar (compact) bone

Question 25

bones will adapt to the degree of mechanical loading

Answer 25

Wolff’s Law

Question 26

following osteoclast destruction of bone, blood vessels invade.

Answer 26

Osteon (Haversian System)

Question 27

large multinucleate cells; differentiate fusion of bone marrow; secrete acid that dissolves hydroxyapatite and enzymes that digest collagen

Answer 27

Osteoclast

Question 28

fibrous connective tissue covering free surfaces of cartilage

Answer 28

Perichondrium

Question 29

forms in unmineralized sheet of connective tissue; near body surface; superficial skull bones, sternum

Answer 29

Membrane/Dermal bone

Question 30

formed in association with deep cartilages; includes endochondral and perichondral bone; resists complex stresses

Answer 30

cartilage replacement bone

Question 31

dense peripheral

Answer 31

compact bone

Question 32

retains trabecular structure

Answer 32

cancellous bone

Question 33

joint in which movement is restricted

Answer 33

synarthrosis

Question 34

joining of two bones (ankylosed)

Answer 34

synostosis

Question 35

joined by sutural ligament (suture)

Answer 35

syndesmosis

Question 36

slightly movable joint joined by hyaline cartilage

Answer 36

synchondrosis

Question 37

joint between paired elements at the midline

Answer 37

symphysis

Question 38

allows for considerable movement

Answer 38

diarthrosis (synovial)

Question 39

articulations

Answer 39

joints