ANTH FULL 2 Flashcards
FULL 2
Various Approaches to Study Civilization,Anthropological Approach,What are the key points in the Anthropological Approach to studying Civilization
cc met cmn mcv
,1. Comprehension of Civilization vs. culture. 2. Meaning of Civilization: External outfit, technological trends. 3. Contents of Civilization: Material vs. non-material cultures. 4. McIver’s perspective: Civilization (material) vs. Culture (values, subjective).
Socio-linguist’s Approach,Socio-linguist’s Approach,What is the Socio-linguist’s Approach to studying Civilization
,An approach that associates progress with the term Civilization, utilizes L.H. Morgan’s evolutionary scheme, and employs measurement scales like Savagery, Barbarism, and Civilization.
Historian’s View,Historian’s View,What is the Historian’s View of Civilization
,Viewing Civilization as an advanced culture, contrasting with non-centralized tribal societies, and considering factors leading to the emergence of Civilization.
Anthropological Approach,Anthropological Approach,What is the Anthropological Approach to studying Civilization
,An approach that involves the comprehension of Civilization vs. culture, explores the meaning of Civilization in terms of external outfit and technological trends, and distinguishes the contents of Civilization as material vs. non-material cultures. It also considers McIver’s perspective: Civilization (material) vs. Culture (values, subjective).
Conclusion,Comparison of Civilization with Culture,What is the conclusion drawn regarding the comparison of Civilization with Culture
,The anthropological approach is considered more holistic in understanding Civilization, and there is an emphasis on comparing Civilization with Culture.
Cultural Relativism,Definition,What is Cultural Relativism
,An anthropological attitude that views all cultural patterns as equally valid; Emphasizes understanding each culture objectively in terms of its own problems, logic, and rationale.
Cultural Relativism,Significance,What is the significance of Cultural Relativism
td kd wm
,1. Fosters tolerance among diverse cultures. 2. Expands knowledge by appreciating the diversity of human societies. 3. Contributes to world peace by promoting mutual understanding.
Cultural Relativism,Criticism,What is a criticism of Cultural Relativism
,Cultural relativism can be criticized for sometimes justifying traditions that may be harmful, especially when influenced by dominant or powerful classes.
Ethnocentrism,Definition,What is Ethnocentrism
,The belief that one’s own values, traditions, and customs are superior, natural, correct, and preferable compared to those of other cultures.
Acculturation,Definition,What is Acculturation
,The process where one society’s whole culture is replaced or displaced by another due to intensive contact.
Diffusion,Definition,What is Diffusion
,The passage of cultural elements from one culture to another, resulting in major changes in the original culture of one or both societies.
Cultural Relativism,Definition,What is Cultural Relativism
,An anthropological attitude that views all cultural patterns as equally valid; Emphasizes understanding each culture objectively in terms of its own problems, logic, and rationale.
Cultural Relativism,Significance,What is the significance of Cultural Relativism
,1. Fosters tolerance among diverse cultures. 2. Expands knowledge by appreciating the diversity of human societies. 3. Contributes to world peace by promoting mutual understanding.
Cultural Relativism,Criticism,What is a criticism of Cultural Relativism
,Cultural relativism can be criticized for sometimes justifying traditions that may be harmful, especially when influenced by dominant or powerful classes.
Ethnocentrism,Definition,What is Ethnocentrism
,The belief that one’s own values, traditions, and customs are superior, natural, correct, and preferable compared to those of other cultures.
Acculturation vs. Diffusion,Acculturation,What is Acculturation
,The process where one society’s whole culture is replaced or displaced by another due to intensive contact.
Acculturation vs. Diffusion,Diffusion,What is Diffusion
,The passage of cultural elements from one culture to another, resulting in major changes in the original culture of one or both societies.
Concept of Society,Introduction,What is society
,A collective of individuals organized around cultural norms, influencing behavior and establishing standardized social patterns; Facilitates the coordination of human activities and the formation of standardized behaviors as a social imperative.
Concept of Society,Definition,How do functional definitions characterize society
,Emphasize reciprocal relationships and interactions enabling individuals to fulfill life activities.
Concept of Society,Definition,How do structural definitions characterize society
,Encompass the total social heritage, including norms, institutions, habits, sentiments, and ideals.
Concept of Society,Characteristics,What are the characteristics of society
w ld ic
,Web of Social Relationships, Likeness and Difference, Interdependence, Cooperation.
Concept of Society,Nature,What are the two main theories regarding the nature of society
,Social Contract Theory (Hobbes, Locke) and Organic Theory (Plato, Aristotle, Herbert Spencer).
Concept of Society,Nature,What does the Social Contract Theory propose
,Views society as an entity deliberately set up by individuals for certain ends; Individuals make a mutual agreement to create society for mutual benefit.
Concept of Society,Nature,What does the Organic Theory propose
,Sees a resemblance between individual and society, viewing society as an organism with individuals as its limbs; Society is considered a social organism, and individuals are essential for the well-being of the whole.
Concept of Society,Anthropological View,What do anthropologists assert about the nature of society
,Man is inherently social by nature; Necessity compels man to be social for fulfilling various needs; Society determines the personality of individuals through the transmission of culture.
Concept of Society,Conclusion,What is the conclusion about the necessity of society for human existence
,While there are differences in theories regarding the nature of society, there is a consensus about the necessity of society for the existence of human beings, as humans are inherently social animals.
Concept of Social Group,Meaning,What is the meaning of a social group
,A collection of human beings brought into social relationships with one another; A social unit consisting of individuals in definite status and role relationships, possessing a set of values or norms regulating individual behavior concerning the group (Sheriff and Sheriff).
Concept of Social Group,Characteristics,What are the characteristics of a social group
ruw csg
,Reciprocal Relations, Sense of Unity, We-Feeling, Common Interests, Similar Behavior, Group Norms.
Concept of Social Group,Characteristics,Is a social group dynamic
,Yes; Subject to change, expansion, and modification over time. The nature of change can be sudden or gradual.
Concept of Social Group,Classification,What is Simmer’s classification of groups based on
,Based on the number of individuals, starting with a monad (single person), dyad, triad, and so on.
Concept of Social Group,Classification,What is Dwight Sanderson’s classification based on
,Based on membership, categorized into voluntary groups (joined willingly), involuntary groups (based on kinship), and delegate groups (representatives elected or nominated).
Concept of Social Group,Classification,What is Ferdinand Tonnies’ classification based on
,Groups classified into Gemeinschaft (Communities) and Gesellschaft (Associations).
Concept of Social Group,Classification,According to Cooley, what are primary groups
,Small, direct face-to-face relationships, characterized by mutual influence.
Concept of Social Group,Classification,According to Cooley, what are secondary groups
,Larger, interactions are more superficial, calculated in terms of self-interest, and lack face-to-face intimacy.
Concept of Social Group,Classification,What insights do these classifications provide
,Insights into the nature, structure, and functions of social groups in different contexts.
Social Institutions,Introduction,What are social institutions
,Complex, integrated sets of social norms organized around preserving fundamental societal values.
Social Institutions,Definition,According to Ginsberg, how are social institutions defined
,Definite and sanctioned forms or modes of relationships between social beings concerning each other or some external object; Encompass customs, rituals, procedures, and established rules.
Social Institutions,Examples,What are some examples of social institutions
,Marriage, family, education, and religion.
Social Institutions,Characteristics,What are the characteristics of social institutions
og rrp csf
,Objectives or Goals, Rules and Regulations, Procedures, Collective Endeavor, Stability, Fulfillment of Needs.
Social Institutions,Types,What are primary social institutions
,Family, government/state, economy, education, and religion.
Social Institutions,Types,What are secondary social institutions
d mre pe
,Derived from primary institutions, e.g., marriage, religious institutions, educational institutions, political systems, and economic structures.
Social Institutions,Importance,What are the importance of social institutions
c mi sg
,Cultural Transmission, Morals and Ideals, Social Control, Guidance for the Younger Generation.
Social Institutions,Conclusion,What is the conclusion about social institutions
,Though subject to changes in rules and regulations, they endure over time and play crucial roles in cultural transmission, moral guidance, social control, and providing guidance to successive generations.
Social Stratification,Introduction,What is social stratification
,Division of society into hierarchically arranged groups or strata, with unequal access to economic resources, power, and prestige; Universal phenomenon with common features worldwide.
Social Stratification,Features,What are the features of social stratification
hiv us nc
,Hierarchy of Status, Institutionalized Inequalities, Variability, Universal Phenomenon, Social, Not Biological, Common Identity.
Social Stratification,Bases of Grouping,What are some bases of grouping in social stratification
cce gef ke
,Caste-based, Class-based, Estate-based, Other bases like gender, ethnicity, family background, kinship bonds, and education.
Social Stratification,Types of Societies,What are the types of societies based on stratification
erc
,Egalitarian Societies, Rank-based Societies, Class Societies.
Social Stratification,Importance,What is the importance of social stratification
mmi cg
,Media for Working Culture, Moral and Ideals Transmission, Control of Human Behavior, Guidance for Problem-Solving.
Social Stratification,Conclusion,What is the conclusion about social stratification
,While having advantages like maintaining group solidarity, it also has detrimental effects, including economic inequalities and oppression; A crucial aspect of the social life of individuals.
Status,Definition,What does status refer to in anthropology
,A person’s social position in a society, independent of higher or lower references.
Status,Definition,How did Weber define status
,The honor accorded to a person or group based on family background, education, economic condition, caste, ethnicity, etc.
Status,Ascribed Status,What is ascribed status
,Status associated with birth and prevalent in societies like India and China.
Status,Ascribed Status,What are the bases of ascribed status
,Sex, age group, ancestry.
Status,Ascribed Status,Is there mobility in ascribed status
,Limited mobility; Individuals often remain in the ascribed status throughout their lives.
Status,Achieved Status,What is achieved status
,Status accorded based on personal accomplishments.
Status,Achieved Status,Where is achieved status found
,In open-class societies where there is freedom to move between different strata.
Status,Achieved Status,Does achieved status allow for social mobility
,Yes; It allows for social mobility and interaction between individuals from various backgrounds.
Role,Definition,What does role represent in anthropology
,The pattern of behavior associated with a distinctive status.
Role,Role in Collective Activity,When do roles manifest in collective activities
,When people engage in collective activities.
Role,Role in Collective Activity,Are roles independent
,No; Roles depend on social organization.
Role,Reciprocal Nature,Are roles reciprocal
,Yes; Roles involve mutual expectations between individuals.
Role,Role Repertoires,What is role repertoires
,The sum total of all roles performed by an individual.
Role,Role Repertoires,Can individuals play multiple roles simultaneously
,Yes; Individuals may simultaneously play multiple roles, such as being a friend, enemy, spouse, and parent.
Role,Role Partners,Who are role partners
,Individuals enacting the same kind of role; Examples include students, friends, etc.
Conclusion,Conclusion,What do status and role reflect in anthropology
,Fundamental concepts reflecting an individual’s social position and associated patterns of behavior.
Conclusion,Conclusion,What do ascribed and achieved statuses demonstrate
,The dynamics of social mobility.
Conclusion,Conclusion,What do roles showcase
,Reciprocal interactions and the complexity of individuals’ social engagements.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Introduction,Why have anthropologists struggled to provide a universal definition of marriage
,Due to its diverse forms; Marriage is a universal institution with different implications for different societies.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,What was Malinowski’s focus in defining marriage
,Principle of legitimacy.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,How did Malinowski define marriage
,As giving a woman a socially recognized husband and children a recognized father.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,What did Malinowski emphasize in his definition of marriage
,Legitimacy, but did not define what marriage was.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,How did the Notes and Queries (1951) definition define marriage
,As a union between a man and a woman with recognized legitimate offspring.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,What criticism did the Notes and Queries (1951) definition face
,Not covering plural marriages like polyandry or polygyny and non-binary marriages.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,What was Prince Peter’s attempt in defining marriage
,Studied polyandrous marriage; Defined marriage in terms of roles, rights, and obligations but proved inadequate.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,How did Kathleen Gough define marriage
,As a relationship that provides full birth status rights to children.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Different Definitions,What were the limitations of Kathleen Gough’s definition of marriage
,Not universal coverage.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Challenges in Universal Definition,Why is defining marriage universally challenging
,Marriage varies widely, covering homosexual marriages, concubinage, trial sexual relations, and cattle marriages; Tremendous social diversity.
Problem of Defining Marriage,Conclusion,What are anthropologists more interested in studying regarding marriage
,Rights transferred through marriage; Emphasis on rights related to sexual access, economic responsibility, rights over children, and the establishment of families and domestic groups.
Why Marriage as a Universal Social Institution,Introduction,Why is marriage considered a peculiar social institution universal in human societies
,Despite limitations on rights and increased obligations.
Why Marriage as a Universal Social Institution,Biological and Socio-Cultural Reasons,What are the reasons for considering marriage both biological and socio-cultural
,Results in enculturation, forming small social groups with social organization.
Why Marriage as a Universal Social Institution,Real Needs for Marriage,What is one reason for marriage related to regulating sexual competition
,To check chaos due to sexual competition; Human features like year-round mating, less sexual dimorphism, and physical dominance require regulation.
Why Marriage as a Universal Social Institution,Real Needs for Marriage,Why is marriage necessary for the security of the mother-newborn combination
,Evolution led to mentally immature offspring, requiring prolonged protection; Male association needed for support, but males naturally resist permanent bonds; Marriage provides binding norms for the association of males with mothers and children.
Why Marriage as a Universal Social Institution,Conclusion,What makes marriage a fundamental institution in human societies despite limitations
,Universal recognition of needs related to regulating sexual competition and ensuring the security of the mother-newborn combination.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Discovery,Who discovered the Soan Culture
,De Terra and Patterson.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Geographic Location,Where is the Soan Culture located
,Potwar Plateau in Pakistan.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Geographic Location,What are the geographical boundaries of the Potwar Plateau
,Himalaya in the north, Salt Ranges in the south, Pirpanjal in the west, and Shivalik in the east.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Geographic Location,Which river flows through the Soan Culture region
,Sohan River.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Age,How old is the Soan Culture
,Approximately 5 lac to 1.25 lac years old.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Age,To which Paleolithic age does the Soan Culture belong
,Lower and Middle Paleolithic.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Cultural Phases,What are the cultural phases in the Soan Valley
,Pre-Sohan, Early Sohan, Late Sohan, Evolved Sohan.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Tool Technology,What tools are present in the Soan Culture
,Pebble tools, hand axes, chopper-chopping tools.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Coexistence of Tool Types,What is the unique feature of tool coexistence in Soan Culture
,Coexistence of chopper-chopping of pebbles and hand axe cleavers.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Climatic Regime,How is Soan Culture influenced by climate
,Influenced by glaciation and inter-glaciation in the Himalayan glacial and inter-glacial zone.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Distribution Through Time,How did Soan Culture evolve through time
,Evolution from early to late Sohan, and finally to evolved Sohan.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Other Features,What are some regional variations in Soan Culture
,Regional variations in tool technology and types.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Other Features,What are the influences on Soan Culture from glaciation and inter-glaciation
,Climatic influence from glaciation and inter-glaciation.
Soan Culture (Sohan Culture),Other Features,What does the coexistence of various tool types in Soan Culture indicate
,Coexistence of various tool types indicative of cultural evolution.
1,”How did Murdoch define family
,Defined by Murdoch as a social group characterized by common residence, reproduction, and cooperation. Includes sexually cohabiting adults, male and female, with one or more children.”
2,”What factors cause variation in types of families
,Vary across societies due to cultural needs. Based on the number of husband and wife involved.”
3,”What is a Nuclear Family
,Consists of parents and unmarried children. Examples include complete nuclear family and incomplete nuclear family based on the presence of children.”
4,”What are Monogamous and Polygamous Families
,Monogamous family results from monogamy, found in modern societies. Polygamous family includes polyandrous and polygynous families, with various reasons like economic pragmatism or status symbols.”
5,”What is an Extended Family
,An extension of nuclear family, either horizontally or vertically. Examples include horizontally extended family and vertically extended family.”
6,”What is a Joint Family
,A special type of extended family with joint property, a common kitchen, and a patriarch. Distinguished from extended family by the presence of at least two nuclear families joined vertically.”
7,”What are the types of Families based on Rules of Residence
,Includes patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal families. Influenced by economic factors, mobility, privacy, and emotional bonds.”
8,”What is the difference between Patriarchal and Matriarchal Families
,Patriarchal family has male authority, while matriarchal family has female authority.”
9,”What are Ancestry-Based Families
,Patrilineal family traces ancestry through the male line. Matrilineal family traces ancestry through the female line.”
10,”What is a Consanguineous Family
,Based on blood relations, uniting consanguineous kins living together. Example: Nayar family with sisters, brothers, and their children.”
11,”What is a Conjugal Family
,Based on marital ties, occasionally joined by relatives of husband or wife.”
12,”What is the difference between Family of Orientation and Family of Procreation
,Family of orientation is one born into, and family of procreation is founded through marriage.”
13,”What are the classifications in Evans Pritchard’s classification of families
,Natural family includes parents and children. Simple legal family consists of a married couple and their children. Complex legal family is polygynous, linking separate families to a common father.”
14,”What are Matrifocal and Patrifocal Families
,Matrifocal family includes mother and children without a regular father. Patrifocal family involves father and children without a mother.”
15,”What is the conclusion regarding family types
,Different family types result from diverse sociocultural factors present in societies.”
1,”What are the major or essential functions of the family according to Murdoch
,- Institutionalized Mating: Provides for socially accepted gratification of sexual needs.\n- Channelized Reproduction: Ensures the perpetuation of society through institutionalized mating.\n- Economic Cooperation: Facilitates division of labor based on age and sex.\n- Socialization: Prepares children to participate in various social groups through language, traditions, and culture.”
2,”What are the minor functions of the family
,- Sense of Belongingness: Common residence fosters intimacy, responsibility, and security.\n- Religious Function: Families often have a shared religious identity, engaging in worship together.\n- Political Function: Acts as a political group, with single families providing political heads in some contexts.\n- Unit of Entertainment: Family members engage in leisure activities together.\n- Psychological Function: Provides emotional support, fostering affectionate relationships and stabilizing individual personalities.”
3,”What is the conclusion regarding the family’s functions
,Family is a fundamental and universal social institution, performing major functions that contribute to the well-being and continuity of society.”
1,”What is Probationary Marriage
,Primitive version of courtship where the prospective husband stays with the bride’s family.”
2,”Which tribes practice Probationary Marriage
,Kuki tribe in Nagaland and Manipur.”
3,”What is Marriage by Capture
,Popular type involving arranged or spontaneous capture of the bride.”
4,”Which tribes practice Marriage by Capture
,Kondha, Juang, Bhuinya, Kharia, Birhor tribes.”
5,”What does Marriage by Trial involve
,Requires the prospective groom to prove his prowess before claiming the bride.”
6,”Which tribe practices Marriage by Trial
,Bhils of Madhya Pradesh.”
7,”What is Marriage by Purchase
,Involves payment, either cash or kind, by the groom to the bride’s parents.”
8,”Which tribes practice Marriage by Purchase
,Kondh, Juang, Ho, Munda tribes.”
9,”What is Marriage by Service
,Groom serves in the bride’s family as compensation for the inability to pay bride price.”
10,”Which tribes practice Marriage by Service
,Gond, Baiga tribes.”
11,”What is Marriage by Exchange
,Involves exchanging daughters between two families without paying bride price.”
12,”Which tribes practice Marriage by Exchange
,Kondh, Saora, Juang, Bhuiyan, Santal tribes.”
13,”What is Marriage by Elopement
,Unmarried couples, if opposed by parents, flee and may later be accepted back.”
14,”Which tribes practice Marriage by Elopement
,Juang, Santal, Bhuinya, Kondha, Saora tribes.”
15,”What is Marriage by Intrusion
,A girl expresses willingness to marry a specific male and forcibly stays with him despite rejection.”
16,”Which tribes practice Marriage by Intrusion
,Juang, Kondh, Bhuiyan, Birhor, Ho tribes.”
17,”What is Marriage by Mutual Consent
,Resembles modern marriages, involves mutual agreement between parties.”
18,”Which tribes practice Marriage by Mutual Consent
,Result of tribal contact with Hindus.”
1,”What is a universal phenomenon in all societies
,Marriage exists in all societies.”
2,”What are the characteristics associated with marriage
,- Creation of God or Ancestor’s Genius.\n- Objectives:\n - Socially recognized intimacy.\n - Procreation and family perpetuation.\n - Utilization of woman’s economic functions.\n- Variations:\n - Mate choice: Free or constrained.\n - Functional transactions: Bride price, service, dowry, gift exchange.\n - Ceremonials: Ritual observances, elaborate ceremonies.\n - Residence: Patilocal, matrilocal, bilocal, neolocal, avuncolocal.\n - Authority in family: Patriarchy, matriarchy, avunco-potestality.\n - Stability of union: Weak or strong, influencing divorce rates.”
3,”What is hypergamy (Anuloma)
,Marrying into a family of higher status.”
4,”What are the reasons associated with hypergamy
,Caste hierarchy, improving rank and prestige.”
5,”What are the consequences of hypergamy
,Affinal relationship consolidation, socioeconomic reflections.”
6,”What is hypogamy (Pratiloma)
,Marrying into a family of lower status.”
7,”What are the associated issues with hypogamy
,High bride price, polyandry or bachelorhood, evolution of marriage by capture.”
8,”What are the taboos associated with hypogamy
,Polygyny, forced spinsterhood, female infanticide.”
9,”What is the incest taboo
,Prohibition of sexual relationships among close relatives.”
10,”What is the Childhood Familiarity theory (Westermarck)
,Disinterest due to over-familiarity. Criticism: Doesn’t explain explicit taboos.”
11,”What is the Psychoanalytic theory (Freud)
,Reaction against unconscious desires. Criticism: Doesn’t explain explicit taboo need.”
12,”What is the Family Disruption theory (Malinowski)
,Curbing sexual competition for family stability.”
13,”What is the Family Cooperation theory (E.B. Tylor)
,Promoting cooperation among family groups.”
14,”What is the Inbreeding theory
,Focuses on the potentially damaging consequences of inbreeding. Criticism: Doesn’t consider societal knowledge.”
16,”What is Needham’s Claim
,Instances of incest in specific societies.”
17,”What are the counter-arguments against Needham’s Claim
,- Incest taboo is a rule in most societies.\n- Exceptional cases don’t negate the prevalence of incest taboos.\n- Theories provide socio-functional reasons for incest taboos.”
18,”What is the conclusion regarding Needham’s Claim
,Needham’s experiences are exceptions; incest taboos are predominant features in societies.”
Filiation,
Definition: Allocation of an individual to a descent group. Types: Father’s line, mother’s line, or both. Impact: Determines property inheritance and political office succession. Examples: Patrilineal and matrilineal systems.
Complimentary Filiation,
Introduced by: M. Fortes, based on studies on Tallensi of Ghana. Definition: Recognizing kinship lines with relatives outside one’s descent group. Examples: Patrilineal societies maintaining links with maternal family, and vice versa. Significance: Provides residual security against filiation breakdown.
Differences Between Filiation and Complimentary Filiation,
Filiation: Political and hierarchical; related to property and status. Complimentary Filiation: Emotional and personal; provides security and insurance. Overall Significance: Balances conflicting emotional attachments and inheritance rules.
Kinship Behavior,
Definition: Definite and permanent patterns of behavior among kin. Characteristics: Role expectations, mutual coaction, and regularity in behavior. Categories: Avoidance, joking relation, avunculate, couvade, amitate.
Avoidance,
Example: Father-in-law and daughter-in-law. Purpose: Prevent breach of incest; precautionary measure. Observations: Sometimes includes limiting familiarity by covering the face.
Joking Relation,
Purpose: Increase proximity and release tension from imposed restrictions. Examples: Devar-bhabhi (ego and elder brother’s wife), Jija-Sali (ego and wife’s younger sister).
Avunculate,
Special Rights: Permitted and expected culturally for maternal uncle. Cultural Expectations: Create a unique bond and relationship.
Couvade,
Behavior: Husband imitates the wife’s behavior during childbirth. Example: Toda of South India. Observation: Cultural expression of shared experiences in childbirth.
Amitate,
Relationship: Between ego and his father’s sister. Cultural Significance: Defines a specific kinship role and expectations.
Alliance Theory (Claude Levi Strauss),
Definition: Kin relation among different groups through marriage. Origin: Result of the exchange of humans among groups. Function: Strengthens socio-economic bonds; brings different groups together. Critical Examination: Emphasizes the importance of marriage exchange; overlooks other forms of alliances.
Functions of Alliance,
Strengthens Socio-Economic Bond: Through marriage exchange, groups establish connections. Political and Economic Significance: Facilitates cooperation, trade, and mutual support. Group Unity: Brings different groups together, fostering a sense of community. Cultural Exchange: Exchange of spouses enhances cultural sharing and understanding.
Lineage vs. Clan
Lineage: Demonstrates relatedness to a common ancestor; smaller and residential. Clan: Traces common ancestry, often mythological; larger and non-residential. Functions: Marriage regulation, dispute resolution, emotional bonds.
Differences Between Lineage and Clan
Size: Lineage is smaller, clan is larger. Residential Aspect: Lineage can be a residential group; clan is not. Dispute Resolution: Lineage resolves disputes quickly; clan disputes may lead to conflict. Emotional Bonds: Stronger in lineage than in clan. Totem Significance: Clan emphasizes totem; lineage does not.
Phratry
Definition: Unilineal descent group of two or more clans. Examples: Hopi, Navajo, Muria Gonds, Crow Indians. Types: Matriphratry, Patriphratry. Characteristics: Common religious obligations, political significance.
Kinship Terminology
Definition: Set of terms designating an individual’s position within a group. Observations: Always occur in pairs; socially recognized entities. Pairs: Father-son, mother-daughter, etc.
L.H. Morgan and Kinship Terminology
Classificatory Type: Lineals merging with collaterals (Malayan, North American). Descriptive Type: Different terms for different kins (North Indian).
Criticism of Morgan’s Study
Factors Influencing Terminology: Multiple historical influences, morphological differences in languages. Sociological Principles: Levirate, sororate, and preferential marriages. Conclusion: Kinship terms are a result of linguistic, historical, and sociological factors.
A.R. Radcliffe Brown and Kinship Study
Focus: Studied Australian aborigines’ intricate kinship terminology. Importance: Key to understanding social structure in primitive societies. Types: Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Omaha, Crow, Sudanese.
