civil courts Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a tribunal

A

they act as specialist courts for disputes in specialist areas for example immigration disputes are often disputed in a tribunal

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1
Q

what are the 3 types of tribunals

A

administrative, domestic and employment

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2
Q

what is an administrative tribunal

A

these deal with disputes between individuals and the state over rights contained in social welfare legislation such as social security or immigration

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3
Q

what is a domestic tribunal

A

these are internal tribunals used for disputes within private bodies such as the law society or the general medical body

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4
Q

what is an employment tribunal

A

these are the most common use for tribunals and deal with disputes between employees and employers over rights under employment legislation

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5
Q

what happened in 1957 that was significant to tribunals

A

Franks committee - this recommended that tribunals should be an example of openness and fairness. the recommendations from this committee were implemented in the tribunals and inquires act 1958.

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6
Q

what was set up in 1958 in regards to tribunals

A

the council on tribunals was set up to supervise and review tribunal procedures.

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7
Q

what report was made in 2000

A

the Leggatt report by sir Andrew Leggatt

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8
Q

what did 4 things did the Leggatt report recommend

A

1- a single tribunal service should be responsible for the administration of all tribunals- makes the tribunal service independent
2- tribunals should be organised into divisions grouping together similar tribunals
3- the system user should be friendly
4- should be a single route of appeal- each division has a corresponding appeal tribunal.

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9
Q

what act was passed in 2007 which implemented most of Leggett’s recommendations

A

tribunals, courts and enforcement act 2007

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10
Q

what did the tribunals courts and enforcement act 2007 introduce.

A

created a new structure- first tier and upper tribunals which each have chambers within. it introduced appeals to the court of appeal and tribunal judges

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11
Q

what are the advantages to tribunals

A

1- speed - tribunal judges can impose a strict timetable which ensures a quick process
2- cost- tribunals encourage people to take there own cases without representation which means the costs are a lot lower
3- expertise- at least one member of the tribunal will be an expert
4- informality- there more informal that court
5- independent- the system is more independent and fair.

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12
Q

what are the disadvantages to tribunals

A

1- lack of funding- funding is not always available for tribunals
2- delay- if your case is complex there would be a delay to be heard
3- intimidating- it may be intimidating for people to take a case t court without representation
4- lack of precedent- outcomes of cases can be unpredictable.

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13
Q

what is the structure of the civil courts

A

supreme court
court of appeal
high court ( queens bench division, family division, chancery division)
county court (small claims division)

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14
Q

what are the 3 tracks of the civil court

A

small claims track
fast track
multi track

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15
Q

what cases go through the small claims track

A

cases from 1000-10000 in injury go to the small claims court

16
Q

what cases go through the fast track

A

cases between 10000- 25000 tried in the county court

17
Q

what cases go through the multi track

A

cases above 250000, tried in either the county court or high court

18
Q

what is the civil appeal process

A

either party can make an appeal, permission for the appeal would be granted when there is a realistic prospect of success or if it has a compelling reason. appeals are generally made to the next level of judge in the court hierarchy.

19
Q

what were the key issues the Woolf report highlighted about the civil procedure

A

expensive-
delays
complex
adversarial- people wanted to exploit the system
unjust

20
Q

what act put the Woolf reforms into place

A

civil procedure rules 1998

21
Q

what were the Woolf reforms

A
  • simplified procedure
  • changed some terminology to make it more accessible
  • pre action protocols
  • designed to get the party’s to cooperate and exchange information, encouraged party’s to settle the dispute out of court.
  • case management- made judges the manager of cases, allowed them to enforce sanctions to improve cost and efficiency
  • ADR- gave party’s the opportunity to solve disputes by alternate dispute resolution
  • 3 tracks - introduced the 3 different tracks
22
Q

what is the process of the civil procedure

A

pre action protocols (adr)
claim form
defence (dispute claim form or admit claim)
allocation questionnaire (to decide what track the case goes down)
case management conference
pre trial administration ( disclosure, witnesses, experts)
trial

23
Q

what is the idea of adr with a case

A

ADR is composed of 4 methods which the parties are encouraged to carry out from the civil procedure act 1998.
- they cannot be forced to take part in ADR ( Halsey v Milton Keynes NHS trust)

24
Q

what are the 4 types of ADR

A

arbitration, mediation, conciliation, negotiation

25
Q

what is arbitration

A
  • used in commercial and contract cases
  • most formal method of ADR
  • they use a neutral 3rd party to resolve the issue
  • the 3rd party has the power to bind and the party’s have to sign a Scott v Avery clause to agree to this before hand
  • contained ibn the arbitration act 1996
26
Q

what are the pros and cons of arbitration

A

pros:
- party’s can choose the arbitrator
- party’s can choose when/ where the event takes place
- rarely any publicity
- its binding
- the arbitrator is an expert
cons:
- public funding is not available so it is more expensive
-appeals are restricted
- party’s may feel that they don’t get there day in court
- if a legal point arises there is not always a legal representative at the hearing.

27
Q

what is mediation + a case

A
  • commonly used in family disputes
  • party are encouraged to come to there own settlement with the use of a third part who acts as a go between and is not actively trying to reach a resolution
    people can use the civil mediation online directory
  • not binding
  • Dunnett v Railtrack
28
Q

what are the pros and cons of mediation

A

pros:
- private and confidential
- party’s enter the process voluntarily
- quick and cost effective
- maintains relationships
- 80% of cases are solved with mediation

29
Q

what is conciliation

A
  • commonly used in industrial disputes
  • 3rd party platys a more active role to push the party’s towards a settlement
  • carried out by ACAS ( advisory conciliation and arbitration service)
30
Q

what are the pros and cons of conciliation

A

pros:
- cheaper than litigation
- private and confidential
- ACAS adopts the prevention rather than cure approach
- conciliator plays an active role

cons:
- heavily relies on the skills of the conciliator
- may go to court if this fails anyway resulting in greater costs

31
Q

what is negotiation

A
  • used most commonly at the outsets of disputes
  • resolving the dispute between party’s themselves may include solicitors
32
Q

what are the pros and cons of negotiation

A

pros:
completely private
- quick resolution
- maintains relationships
- relatively informal

cons:
- solicitors can be pricy
- offers exchanged are not agreed on until the day of court wasting time