Race/Ethnicity in Healthcare

Question 1

Total United States Population by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 1

White: 58%
Hispanic: 19%
Black: 12%
Asian: 6%
AIAN: 1%

Question 2

Shifts in demographics from 2010 to 2050

Answer 2

White: 65–>46%
Hispanic: 16–>30%
Black: 12–>12%
Asian: 5–>8%

HISPANIC IS THE LARGEST GROWING DEMOGRAPHIC IN THE US

Question 3

Share of Total Population that is people of color by state in US

Answer 3

Located in the South and Western regions of US

Question 4

Age Distribution of Race

Answer 4

Minority populations have a larger % of younger individuals and less older individuals –> reason for the increased growth in population

White population has a large % of older individuals that will die off soon

Question 5

Coverage, Access, and Use of Care among people of color compared to white people

Answer 5

Black, Hispanic, Asian, AIAN, and NHOPI fared much worse than white individuals

Largest difference was in the hispanic population and then black population

Question 6

Uninsured Rate among Nonelderly Population by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 6

AIAN: 21%
Hispanic: 19%
Black/NHOPI: 11%
White: 7%
Asian: 6%

WE SAW SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN THE RATES OF UNINSURED AFTER THE ACA IN 2014

Question 7

Percent of Children (by age 24 mo) Who Have Not Received All Recommended Immunizations by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 7

Black, Hispanic, and AIAN have higher percentages compared to the white population

THIS IS LARGELY AN ISSUE ACROSS ALL RACES AS THERE ARE HIGHER PERCENTAGES THAN WE WANT –> NO DRAMATIC DIFFERENCES –> UNIVERSAL PROBLEM

Question 8

Life Expectancy by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 8

The largest reduction in life expectancy was the AIAN population

EVERY DEMOGRAPHIC HAS DECREASED THEIR LIFE EXPECTANCY FROM 2019-2021
- COVID 19
- opioid overdoses

Question 9

Birth Rate for Teen Ages 15-19 by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 9

Why do we care?
- spurs large financial and educational implications that increase the risk of the mother and child growing in poverty

Black, Hispanic, AIAN, and NHOPI show significant increases in the birth rate per 1000 compared to white population

Asian show significant decreases in the birth rate per 1000 compared to white population

Question 10

Infant Mortality per 1000 births by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 10

Black, Hispanic, AIAN, and NHOPI show significant increases in infant mortality compared to white population

Asian show significant decreases in infant morality compared to white population

Question 11

Maternal Mortality per 100,000 by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 11

Black population shows the most drastic increase in maternal mortality over the span of 2018-2021

Question 12

Death Rates per 100,000 Diabetes patients by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 12

NHOPI, AIAN, Black, and Hispanic show significant increases in death rates for diabetes compared to white population

Asian show significant decreases in death rates for diabetes compared to white population

Question 13

Social Determinants of Health of People of Color compared to White Population

Answer 13

Black, Hispanic, Asian, AIAN, and NHOPI fared much worse in SDOH than the white population

Largest differences were in the Black and Hispanic populations with 16/16 events worse than white population

MUCH GREATER IMPACT IN MINORITY POPULATIONS

Question 14

Percent of Nonelderly Population with Family Income below Poverty by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 14

AIAN, Black, Hispanic, and NHOPI showed significant increases in % of individuals compared to white population

Asian showed equivalent with white population

Question 15

Educational Attainment by Race/Ethnicity

Answer 15

Minorities in general receive less education than the white population –> this leads to worse jobs –> this leads to worse HC insurance –> this leads to worse health

Question 16

Race/Ethnicity in Healthcare

Answer 16

50% of HC workers state that racism is a crisis or a major problem

Nearly 50% of all HC workers have witnessed discrimination against patients of different races
- Black and Latino population experience the highest discrimination
- Younger population experience the highest discrimination (18-29 and 30-39)

Question 17

When did Tennessee have its first black graduate from Pharmacy Shool?

Answer 17

1973

Question 18

Unique Points from the Documentary on Race/Ethnicity

Answer 18

• Politics impact HC with example of JFK and LBJ in agreement over segregation
• it took the Civil Rights Act + Medicare to elicit changes for blacks in hospitals and healthcare
• Medicare stated that hospitals would not receive federal funding if they did not choose to desegregate their hospitals in alignment with the Civil Rights Act and Title VII
• AMA was not interested in Medicare/Medicaid and fought against the development of these programs
• Hospitals would keep the baby from the family unless they paid “x” amount of money to gain access to the baby again –> many families were okay with this as the baby would be fed
• Southern states would pay the tuition at Northern schools for African Americans but they had to agree to come back and practice in the south however they could not gain access to the AMA association preventing their practice
• Racism occurred in both the North and the South but it was less subtle in the South
• In the Hill Burton Act, this led the move for construction of hospitals but it contained the “separate but equal” clause –> Emery hospital was separate but equal all the way down to the training of nurses (black and white nurses did not see each other)
• Dentists were the only occupation that challenged the admission rights for physicians at hospitals as they practice independently from the AMA
• Pharmacists who worked for government volunteered for inspections of hospitals to end segregation in hospitals after the Civil Rights Act Title VII

Question 19

Unique Points from Pharmacoequity Video

Answer 19

• Through EHR and other technologies, we want to make the right choice the EASY choice

Question 20

Suggestions to minimize disparities between different races

Answer 20

• incorporate different races in clinical trials to understand the different effects that therapies have in different races/ethnicities
• providing education and services available to different races/ethnicities that may not have been evident
• ensure adequate diversity within HC professionals to allow different races to obtain care from physicians they make associate with