WK 6.2 Neuroendocrine disorders

Question 1

1.What is the neuroendocrine system made of?
2. What does the Neuroendocrine system do?

Answer 1

1.Made of sets of neurons, glands and non-endocrine tissue and hormones

2. Registers, transduces, and interprets important signals from the internal and external environment

Question 2

1.What is the hypothalamus?
2.What is its role?

Answer 2

1.Main link between CNS and the Endocrine system

2.Receives sensory input and responds by sending autonomic or hormonal signals to maintain balance.

Question 3

What do the two lobe of the pituitary gland do?

Answer 3

-The anterior lobe produces and secretes hormones

-The posterior lobe release two hormones that are synthesized in the hypothalamus

Question 4

1.What are the NE axes
2.What are the 3 times of axes

Answer 4

1.Axes provide structural and functional basis for interactions between brain, hormones, and glands

2.Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis
Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis

Question 5

What doe NE cells do?

Answer 5

release of biologically activesubstances

Question 6

Where are DNC cells found

Answer 6

Thought the body as isolated cells(GIT) or forming aggregates (Pancreas)

Question 7

What are some Hypothalamic pituitary acid disorders ?

Answer 7

• Traumatic brain injury
• Central diabetes insipidus
• Autoimmune pituitary disorders

Question 8

What are neoplasm disorders

Answer 8

*Adrenal cancer
*Lung neuroendocrinetumours
*Pancreatic neuroendocrinetumours

Question 9

What are the neuroendocrine abnormalities disorders?

Answer 9

*Parkinson disease
*Eating disorders
*Schizophrenia

Question 10

What are the causes of hypothalamic dysfunction?

Answer 10

• Brain tumours
• Traumatic brain injury
• Infection
  *Radiotherapy
  *Cocaine addiction

Question 11

What are the clinical evaluations for suspected hypothalamic dysfunction?

Answer 11

-Measuring serum concentration of pituitary hormones, oestrogen and thyroid hormone
-Brain imaging
-Autoimmune markers

Question 12

What are the complication of Hypothalamic dysfunction?

Answer 12

Increase intracranial pressure- seizures and headaches
Hormonal deficiencies - leading to Heart problems and infertility

Question 13

What is Diabetes Insipidus and what does it cause?

Answer 13

*Diabetes Insipidus is caused by a lack of ADH or lack or response of ADH
* It prevent kidney from concentration the urine leading to excess urea or excess thirst

Question 14

What is primary polydipsia?

Answer 14

Normal ADH but excessive drinking of water leading to excessive urine production

Question 15

What is Nephrogenic DI and how is it caused?

Answer 15

*Collecting ducts don’t respond to ADH in the blood stream
*Caused by drugs- lithium and mutation on the AVPR2 gene on chromosome X

Question 16

What is cranial DI and how is it caused ?

Answer 16

*Hypothalamus doesn’t reproduce ADH for the pituitary gland
* Caused by Brain tumours, TB and head injuries

Question 17

What are the other causes of DI?

Answer 17

*Idiopathic- most common
*Injury to hypothalamic nuclei
*Infiltrative disorders

Question 18

How is DI diagnosed?

Answer 18

Serum sodium concentration = High
Water deprivation test to distinguish
Genetic testing (Infants and young children)-MRI and pituitary hormone concentration

Question 19

How does water deprivation test work and what do the results mean ?

Answer 19

Patient should not drink water or any fluids for 12 hrs
Serum and urine osmolarity measured every 2 hours
Normal urine= polydipsia
Low urine & high serum=Nephrogenic

Question 20

How can DI be managed?

Answer 20

• Replacement therapy
  *Treating underlying cause first

Question 21

What is Carcinoid Syndrome?

Answer 21

Set of symptoms who the Neuroendocrine tumours secretes excess amounts of hormones which cause symptoms like shortness of breath and diarrhoea

Question 22

1.What does NET release?
2.Where are they found?
3.How many people are diagnosed?

Answer 22

1.It release histamine, prostaglandins and serotonin (40 different ones)
2.Found in GIT and lungs
3. 4,000 equal rates from male and female

Question 23

How is Carcinoid diagnosed and what are thee treatments?

Answer 23

Blood test
Urinalysis
CT/MRI scan
Treatment- reduce emotional stress and alcohol