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MEDIEVAL HISTORY > DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO DIVINE > Flashcards

DEVOTIONAL PATHS TO DIVINE Flashcards

1
Q

WHO WERE ALVARS?

A

SAINTS DEVOTED TO VISHNU.

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2
Q

NAYANARS AND ALVARS WERE ONLY FROM HIGH CASTES?
TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE.
THEY CAME FROM ALL CASTES INCLUDING THOSE CONSIDERED UNTOUCHABLES LIKE THE PULAIYAR AND THE PANARS.

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3
Q

NAYANARS AND ALVARS WERE CRITICAL OF?

A
  1. BRAHMANICAL DOMINANCE.
  2. CASTE SYSTEM.
  3. SHARPLY CRITICAL OF BUDDHISTS AND JAINAS.
    THEY PREACHED ARDENT LOVE OF SHIVA OR VISHNU AS THE PATH OF SALVATION.
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4
Q

NAYANARS AND ALVARS BLENDED THE IDEAS OF ________ WITH THE VALUES OF BHAKTI.

A

THEY DREW UPON THE IDEALS OF LOVE AND HEROISM AS FOUND IN THE SANGAM LITERATURE, AND BLENDED THEM WITH THE VALUES OF BHAKTIS.

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5
Q

TOTAL NUMBER OF NAYANARS?

A

63.

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6
Q

TOTAL ALVARS?

A

12.

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7
Q

NAME SOME FAMOUS NAYANARS?

A

MASKS
1. MANIKKAVASAGAR.
2. APPAR (CONTEMPORARY OF HUAN ZANG).
3. SAMBANDAR.
4. KARAIKKAL AMMAIYAR (MOTHER OF KARAIKKAL).
5. SUNDARAR.

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8
Q

SET OF COMPILATIONS OF NAYANARS SONGS ARE?

A
  1. TEVARAM
  2. TIRUVACAKAM
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9
Q

WOMEN NAYANARS?

A

3 OUT OF 63 NAYANARS WERE WOMEN.
1. KARAIKKAL AMMAIYAR (24th).
2. MANGAYARKKARASIYAR (50th).
3. ISAIGNAANIYAR- (63rd).- SUNDARAR’S MOTHER.

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10
Q

SOME FAMOUS ALVARS?

A
  1. PERIYALVAR.
  2. ANDAL.
  3. TONDARADIPPODI ALVAR.
  4. NAMMALVAR.
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11
Q

WAS THERE ANY WOMEN ALVAR?

A

ONLY ONE.
ANDAL- DAUGHTER OF PERIYALVAR.

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12
Q

SONGS OF ALVARS WERE COMPILED IN?

A

DIVYA PRABANDHAM.

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13
Q

PHILOSOPHER SHANKARA WAS BORN IN?

A

EIGHT CENTURY IN KERELA.

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14
Q

PHILOSOPHY OF SHANKARA?
AND ITS MEANING?

A
  1. ADVAITA OR THE DOCTRINE OF THE ONENESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL SOUL AND THE SUPREME GOD WHICH IS THE ULTIMATE REALITY.
  2. HE TAUGHT THAT BRAHMAN, THE ONLY OR ULTIMATE REALITY, WAS FORMLESS AND WITHOUT ANY ATTRIBUTES.
  3. HE CONSIDERED THE WORLD AROUND US TO BE AN ILLUSION OR MAYA AND PREACHED RENUNCIATION OF THE WORLD AND ADOPTION OF THE PATH OF KNOWLEDGE TO UNDERSTAND THE TRUE NATURE OF BRAHMAN AND ATTAIN SLAVATION.
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15
Q

RAMANUJA BORN IN ________ IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY, WAS DEEPLY INFLUENCED BY THE ________.

A

TAMIL NADU.
ALVARS.

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16
Q

DOCTRINE OF RAMANUJA?

A
  1. HE PROPOUNDED THE DOCTRINE OF VISHISHTADVAITA OR QUALIFIED ONENESS IN THAT THE SOUL EVEN WHEN UNITED WITH THE SUPREME GOD REMAIN DISTINCT.
  2. HIS DOCTRINE GREATLY INSPIRED THE NEW STRAND OF BHAKTI WHICH DEVELOPED IN NORTH INDIA SUBSEQUENTLY.
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17
Q

ACCORDING TO RAMANUJA THE BEST MEANS TO ATTAIN SALVATION WAS?

A

THROUGH INTENSE DEVOTION TO VISHNU.

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18
Q

VIRASHAIVA MOVEMENT WAS INITIATED BY?

A

BASAVANNA AND HIS COMPANIONS LIKE ALLAMA PRABHU AND AKKAMAHADEVI.

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19
Q

VIRASHAIVISM BEGAN IN ________ IN THE MID-TWELFTH CENTURY.

A

KARNATAKA.

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20
Q

VIRASHAIVAS ABOUT CASTE AND BRAHMANICAL IDEAS?

A
  1. THEY ARGUED FOR THE EQUALITY OF ALL HUMAN BEINGS.
  2. THEY WERE AGAINST BRAHMANICAL IDEAS OF CASTE AND TREATMENT OF WOMEN. BASAVANNA HIMSELF WAS A BRAHMAN BUT WAS AGAINST BRAHMANICAL IDEAS ABOUT CASTE AND TREATMENT OF WOMEN.
  3. THEY WERE ALSO AGAINST ALL FORMS OF RITUAL AND IDOL WORSHIP.
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21
Q

VIRASHAIVAS ON MARRIAGE AND REBIRTH?

A
  1. THEY ALLOWED WIDOW REMARRIAGE.
  2. ALLOWED POST PUBERTY MARRIAGE.
  3. QUESTIONED THE THEORY OF REBIRTH.
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22
Q

SOME FAMOUS SAINTS OF MAHARASHTRA FROM THIRTEENTH TO SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES?

A

JENT
1. JNANESHWAR
2. EKNATH
3. NAMDEV
4. TUKARAM
5. WOMEN LIKE SAKHUBAI
6. FAMILY OF CHOKHAMELA, WHO BELONGED TO THE UNTOUCHABLE MAHAR CASTE.

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23
Q

IN MAHARASHTRA (MEDIEVAL INDIA) THE TRADITION OF BHAKTI FOCUSED ON WHICH GOD?

A

VITTHALA (A FORM OF VISHNU) TEMPLE IN PANDHARPUR, AS WELL AS THE NOTION OF A PERSONAL GOD RESIDING IN THE HEARTS OF ALL PEOPLE.

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24
Q

IDEOLOGY OF SAINTS OF MAHARASHTRA (MEDIEVAL INDIA)?

A
  1. THESE SAINTS REJECTED ALL FORMS OF RITUALISM, OUTWARD DISPLAY OF PIETY AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCES BASED ON BIRTH.
  2. THEY EVEN REJECTED THE IDEA OF RENUNCIATION AND PREFERRED TO LIVE WITH THEIR FAMILIES, EARNING THEIR LIVELIHOOD LIKE ANY OTHER PERSON, WHILE HUMBLY SERVING FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS IN NEED.
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25
Q

NARSI MEHTA WAS A SAINT FROM MAHARASHTRA.
TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE.
HE WAS FROM GUJARAT.
HE SAID, “THEY ARE THE VAISHNAVAS WHO UNDERSTAND THE PAIN OF OTHER “.

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26
Q

WHAT IS ABHANG?

A

MARATHI DEVOTIONAL HYMNS.

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27
Q

NATHPANTHIS, SIDDHACHARAS AND YOGIS IDEAS TO SALVATION?

A
  1. THEY ADVOCATED RENUNCIATION OF THE WORLD.
  2. THE PATH TO SALVATION LAY IN MEDITATION ON THE FORMLESS ULTIMATE.
  3. TO ACHIEVE THIS THEY ADVOCATED INTENSE TRAINING OF THE MIND AND BODY THROUGH PRACTICES LIKE YOGASANAS, BREATHING EXERCISES AND MEDITATION.
  4. THESE GROUPS BECAME PARTICULARLY POPULAR AMONG LOW CASTES. THEIR CRITICISM OF CONVENTIONAL RELIGION CREATED THE GROUND FOR DEVOTIONAL RELIGION TO BECOME A POPULAR FORCE IN NORTHERN INDIA.
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28
Q

WHO WERE SUFIS?

A

THEY WERE MUSLIM MYSTICS WHO REJECTED OUTWARD RELIGIOSITY AND EMPHASISED LOVE AND DEVOTION TO GOD AND COMPASSION TOWARDS ALL FELLOW HUMAN BEINGS.

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29
Q

ISLAM DID NOT REJECTED IDOL WORSHIP.
TRUE/FALSE.

A

ISLAM PROPAGATED STRICT MONOTHEISM OR SUBMISSION TO ONE GOD.
IT ALSO REJECTED IDOL WORSHIP.

30
Q

MUSLIM RULERS DEVELOPED A HOLY LAW CALLED?

A

SHARIAT.

31
Q

NAME THE GREAT SUFIS OF CENTRAL ASIA?

A

GHAZZALI, RUMI AND SADI.

32
Q

LIKE NATHPANTHIS, SIDDHAS AND YOGIS, THE SUFIS TOO BELIEVED THAT THE HEART CAN BE TRAINED TO LOOK AT THE WORLD IN A DIFFERENT WAY.
TRUE/FALSE.

A

TRUE.

33
Q

ZIQR, RAQS MEANING?

A

SUFIS DEVELOPED ELABORATE METHODS OF TRAINING USING ZIKR (CHANTING OF A NAME OR A SACRED FORMULA), CONCENTRATION, SAMA (SINGING), RAQS (DANCING), DISCUSSION OF PARABLES, BREATH CONTROL ETC UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF A MASTER OR PIR.
THUS EMERGED THE SILSILAS, A GENEALOGY OF SUFI TEACHERS, EACH FOLLOWING A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT METHOD (TARIQA) OF INSTRUCTION AND RITUAL PRACTICE.

34
Q

TERM HOSPICE MEANING?

A

HOSPICE OR KHANQAHS WERE HOUSE OF REST FOR TRAVELLERS, ESPECIALLY ONE KEPT BY A RELIGIOUS ORDER.

35
Q

KHWAJA MUINUDDIN CHISHTI- PLACE?

A

AJMER.

36
Q

QUTBUDDIN BAKHTIAR KAKI OF- PLACE?

A

DELHI.

37
Q

BABA FARID- PLACE?

A

PUNJAB.

38
Q

KHWAJA NIZAMUDDIN AULIYA- PLACE?

A

DELHI.

39
Q

BANDANAWAJ GISUDARAZ OF- PLACE?

A

GULBARGA.

40
Q

THE SUFI MASTERS HELD THEIR ASSEMBLIES IN THEIR _______.

A

KHANQAHS OR HOSPICES.

41
Q

__________ WAS A GREAT THIRTEENTH CENTURY SUFI POET FROM IRAN WHO WROTE IN PERSIAN.

A

JALALUDDIN RUMI.

42
Q

CHAITANYADEVA A SIXTEENTH CENTURY SAINT FROM_____, PREACHED SELFLESS DEVOTION TO _____.

A

FROM BENGAL, PREACHED SELFLESS DEVOTION TO RADHA-KRISHNA.

43
Q

KABIR, BABA GURU NANAK, TULSIDAS AND SURDAS REJECTED ALL ORTHODOX RELIGIONS.
TRUE/FALSE.

A

FALSE.
KABIR AND BABA GURU NANAK REJECTED ALL ORTHODOX RELIGIONS.
TULSIDAS AND SURDAS ACCEPTED EXISTING BELIEFS AND PRACTICES BUT WANTED TO MAKE THESE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL.

44
Q

TULSIDAS CONCEIVED GOD IN THE FORM OF______.

A

RAMA.

45
Q

RAMACHARITMANAS IS COMPOSED BY?

A

TULSIDAS.
IT IS WRITTEN IN AWADHI (A LANGUAGE USED IN EASTERN UTTAR PRADESH).

46
Q

SURDAS WAS AN ARDENT DEVOTEE OF______.

A

KRISHNA.

47
Q

COMPOSITIONS OF SURDAS?

A
  1. SURSAGARA
  2. SURASARAVALI
  3. SAHITYA LAHARI
48
Q

SURDAS WAS CONTEMPORARY OF SHANKARADEVA OF ASSAM.
TRUE/FALSE.

A

TRUE.

49
Q

SHANKARADEVA OF ASSAM (LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURY) EMPHASIZED DEVOTION TO_______, AND COMPOSED POEMS IN_______.

A

VISHNU AND ASSAMESE.

50
Q

WHAT WERE NAMGHARS?

A

SHANKARADEVA OF ASSAM BEGAN THE PRACTICE OF SETTING UP NAMGHARS OR HOUSES OF RECITATION.

51
Q

MIRABAI WAS A RAJPUT PRINCESS MARRIED INTO THE ROYAL FAMILY OF MEWAR IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.
SHE BECAME A DISCIPLE OF ________.

A

RAVIDAS, A SAINT FROM A CASTE CONSIDERED UNTOUCHABLE.

52
Q

MIRABAI WAS DEVOTED TO _______ AND COMPOSED INNUMERABLE BHAJANS EXPRESSING HER INTENSE DEVOTION.

A

KRISHNA.

53
Q

MIRABAI’S SONGS OPENLY CHALLENGED THE NORMS OF UPPER CASTES AND BECAME POPULAR WITH THE MASSES IN________ AND _________.

A

RAJASTHAN AND GUJARAT.

54
Q

JULAHAS MEANING?

A

KABIR WAS BROUGHT UP IN A FAMILY OF MUSLIM JULAHAS OR WEAVERS SETTLED IN OR NEAR THE CITY OF BENARES.

55
Q

WE GET TO KNOW ABOUT THE IDEAS OF KABIR FROM A VAST COLLECTION OF VERSES CALLED _____ AND ______ SAID TO BE HAVE BEEN COMPOSED BY HIM.

A

SAKHIS AND PADS.

56
Q

KABIRS IDEAS HAVE BEEN COLLECTED AND PRESERVED IN?

A
  1. GURU GRANTH SAHIB.
  2. PANCH VANI.
  3. BIJAK.
57
Q

WHAT DOES KABIR’S TEACHINGS SAYS ABOUT BRAHMANICAL HINDUISM AND ISLAM?

A

KABIR’S TEACHINGS WERE BASED ON A COMPLETE, INDEED VEHEMENT, REJECTION OF THE MAJOR RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS.
HIS TEACHINGS OPENLY RIDICULED ALL FORMS OF EXTERNAL WORSHIP OR BOTH BRAHMANICAL HINDUISM AND ISLAM, THE PRE-EMINENCE OF THE PRIESTLY CLASSES AND THE CASTE SYSTEM.

58
Q

BIRTH OF GURU NANAK DEV G?

A

1469-1539 BORN AT TALWANDI (NANKANA SAHIB IN PAKISTAN).

59
Q

BABA NANAK TRAVELLED WIDELY BEFORE ESTABLISHING A CENTRE AT_________.

A

KARTARPUR (DERA BABA NANAK ON THE RIVER RAVI).

60
Q

BABA NANAK’S FOLLOWERS ATE TOGETHER IN THE COMMON KITCHEN (LANGAR).
THE SACRED SPACE THUS CREATED BY BABA GURU NANAK WAS KNOWN AS __________.

A

DHARMSAL. IT IS KNOWN AS GURUDWARA.

61
Q

BEFORE HIS DEATH IN 1539, BABA GURU NANAK APPOINTED ONE OF HIS FOLLOWERS AS HIS SUCCESSOR. HIS NAME WAS?

A

LEHNA BUT HE CAME TO BE KNOWN AS GURU ANGAD, SIGNIFYING THAT HE WAS A PART OF BABA GURU NANAK HIMSELF.

62
Q

________ COMPILED THE COMPOSITIONS OF BABA GURU NANAK, TO WHICH HE ADDED HIS OWN IN A NEW SCRIPT KNOWN AS_______.

A

GURU ANGAD DEV G, SCRIPT KNOWN AS GURMUKHI.

63
Q

THE THREE SUCCESSORS OF GURU ANGAD ALSO WROTE UNDER THE NAME OF “NANAK” AND ALL OF THEIR COMPOSITIONS WERE COMPILED BY ________ IN 1604.

A

GURU ARJAN.

64
Q

TO THE COMPILATIONS OF FIRST FIVE GURUS WERE ADDED THE WRITINGS OF OTHER FIGURES LIKE ?

A

SHAIKH FARID, SANT KABIR, BHAGAT NAMDEV AND GURU TEGH BAHADUR.

65
Q

FINAL COMPILATION OF GURU GRANTH SAHIB WAS AUTHENTICATED BY?

A

IN 1706, AUTHENTICATED BY GURU GOBIND SINGH.
IT IS NOW KNOWN AS GURU GRANTH SAHIB.

66
Q

WHO ORDERED THE EXECUTION OF GURU ARJAN?

A

JAHANGIR ORDERED THE EXECUTION OF GURU ARJAN IN 1606.

67
Q

BY THE BEGINNING OF SEVENTEENTH CENTURY THE TOWN OF RAMDASPUR (AMRITSAR) HAD DEVELOPED AROUND THE CENTRAL GURUDWARA CALLED HARMANDAR SAHIB (GOLDEN TEMPLE). IT WAS VIRTUALLY SELF GOVERNING AND MODERN HISTORIANS REFER TO THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY SIKH COMMUNITY AS A_________.

A

STATE WITHIN THE STATE.

68
Q

KHALSA WAS FORMED IN?

A

THE SIKH MOVEMENT BEGAN TO GET POLITICIZED IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY, A DEVELOPMENT WHICH CULMINATED IN THE INSTITUTION OF THE KHALSA BY GURU GOBIND SINGH IN 1699.
THE COMMUNITY OF THE SIKHS, CALLED THE KHALSA PANTH, BECAME A POLITICAL ENTITY.

69
Q

NAM, DAN AND ISNAN MEANING?

A

NAM= RIGHT WORSHIP.
DAN= WELFARE OF OTHERS.
ISNAN= PURITY OF CONDUCT.

70
Q

MARTIN LUTHER SUPPORTED THE PRACTICE OF INDULGENCES OR MAKING DONATIONS TO THE CHURCH SO AS TO GAIN FORGIVENESS FROM SINS.

A

FALSE. HE STRONGLY OPPOSED THIS.

MEDIEVAL HISTORY (15 decks)

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