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medieval history > TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS > Flashcards

TOWNS, TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS Flashcards

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1
Q

CAPITAL OF CHOLAS?

A

THANJAVUR (TANJORE).
PRESENT DAY TAMIL NADU.

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2
Q

ARCHITECT OF RAJARAJESHVARA TEMPLE?

A

KUNJARAMALLAN RAJARAJA PERUNTHACHCHAN.

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3
Q

WHO WERE SALIYA OR SALIYARS?

A

WEAVING (HINDU COMMUNITY) OF THANJAVUR.

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4
Q

WHAT IS STHAPATIS AND SHILPIS?

A

THEY ARE SCULPTORS AND CRAFTSMEN WHO DESIGNED THE INDIAN TEMPLES AND WERE MEMBERS OF THE BUILDER GUILDS.

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5
Q

LOST WAX TECHNIQUE?

A

ALSO KNOWN AS CIRE PERDU TECHNIQUE.
1. AN IMAGE IS MADE OF WAX.
2. IT IS THEN COVERED WITH CLAY AND ALLOWED TO DRY.
3. IT WAS HEATED, AND A TINY HOLE WAS MADE IN THE CLAY COVER.
4. THE MOLTEN WAX WAS DRAINED OUT THROUGH THIS HOLE.
5. MOLTEN METAL WAS POURED INTO THE CLAY MOULD THROUGH THE HOLE.
6 ONCE METAL COOLED AND SOLIDIFIED, THE CLAY COVER WAS REMOVED.
7. IMAGE WAS THEN CLEANED AND POLISHED.

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6
Q

TEMPLE AUTHORITIES USED THEIR WEALTH TO FINANCE TRADE AND BANKING. TOWNS EMERGED AROUND TEMPLES SUCH AS THOSE OF _________ IN MADHYA PRADESH AND ________ IN GUJARAT.

A

BHILLASWAMIN (BHILSA OR VIDISHA IN MADHYA PRADESH).
SOMNATH IN GUJARAT.

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7
Q

________ WAS THE CAPITAL OF THE CHAHUHAN KINGS IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY AND LATER BECAME THE SUBA HEADQUARTERS UNDER THE MUGHALS.

A

AJMER (RAJASTHAN).

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8
Q

PUSHKAR LAKE IS IN?

A

AJMER.

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9
Q

WHAT WAS A MANDAPIKA?

A

A MANDAPIKA OR A MANDI REFERS TO A MARKET IN SMALL TOWN IN WHICH NEARBY VILLAGERS BROUGHT THEIR PRODUCTS TO BE SOLD.

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10
Q

WORD HAATA MEANS?

A

MARKET STREETS CALLED HATTA (HAAT OF LATER TIMES).

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11
Q

WHO WERE BANJARAS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

MOST IMPORTANT TRADER NOMADS.

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12
Q

WORD MANIGRAMAN AND NANADESI MEANING IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

TRADER GUILDS IN SOUTH INDIA FROM THE EIGHT CENTURY ONWARDS.
THESE GUILDS TRADED EXTENSIVELY BOTH WITHIN THE PENINSULA AND WITH SOUTHEAST ASIA AND CHINA.

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13
Q

WHO WERE CHETTIARS AND MARWARI OSWAL IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

COMMUNITIES LIKE CHETTIARS AND MARWARI OSWAL WERE THE PRINCIPAL TRADING GROUP OF THE COUNTRY.

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14
Q

GUJARATI TRADERS WERE KNOWN AS?

A

GUJARATI TRADERS, INCLUDING THE COMMUNITIES OF HINDU BANIYAS AND MUSLIM BOHRAS TRADED EXTENSIVELY WITH THE PORTS OF THE RED SEA, PERSIAN GULF, EAST AFRICA, SOUTHEAST ASIA AND CHINA.
THEY SOLD TEXTILES AND SPICES IN THESE PORTS AND IN EXCHANGE BROUGHT GOLD AND IVORY FROM AFRICA; AND SPICES, TIN, CHINESE BLUE POTTERY AND SILVER FROM SOUTHEAST ASIA AND CHINA.

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15
Q

KABUL AND QANDAHAR WERE LINKED TO THE CELEBRATED _______?

A

SILK ROUTE.

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16
Q

WHO WAS JEAN BAPTISTE TAVERNIER?

A

HE WAS A DIAMOND MERCHANT FROM THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.

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17
Q

WHAT IS BIDRI IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

THE CRAFTSPERSONS OF BIDAR WERE SO FAMED FOR THEIR INLAY WORK IN COPPER AND SILVER THAT IT CAME TO BE CALLED BIDRI.

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18
Q

PANCHALAS OR VISHWAKARMA COMMUNITY IN MEDIEVAL INDIA WAS FAMOUS FOR?

A

CONSISTING OF GOLDSMITHS, BRONZESMITHS, BLACKSMITHS, MASONS AND CARPENTERS.

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19
Q

SALIYAR OR KAIKKOLARS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA MEANS?

A

WEAVERS WHO EMERGED AS PROSPEROUS COMMUNITIES, MAKING DONATIONS TO TEMPLES.

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20
Q

______ ON THE BANKS OF THE BHAGIRATHI, WHICH ROSE TO PROMINENCE AS A CENTRE FOR SILKS AND BECAME THE CAPITAL OF BENGAL IN 1704, DECLINED IN THE COURSE OF THE CENTURY AS THE WEAVERS FACED COMPETITION FROM CHEAP MILL-MADE CLOTH FROM ENGLAND.

A

MURSHIDABAD (WEST BENGAL).

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21
Q

HAMPI IS LOCATED IN ________ BASIN.

A

KRISHNA TUNGABHADRA BASIN.

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22
Q

NUCLEUS OF VIJAYNAGARA EMPIRE?

A

HAMPI FORMED THE NUCLEUS OF THE VIJAYNAGARA EMPIRE, FOUNDED IN 1336.

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23
Q

TRUE/FALSE
CEMENTING AGENTS WERE EXTENSIVELY USED AT HAMPI.

A

FALSE.
THE MAGNIFICENT RUINS AT HAMPI REVEAL A WELL FORTIFIED CITY.
NOR MORTAR OR CEMENTING AGENT WAS USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THESE WALLS AND THE TECHNIQUE FOLLOWED WAS TO WEDGE THEM TOGETHER BY INTERLOCKING.

24
Q

WHICH PORTUGUESE TRAVELER, DESCRIBED HAMPI IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY?

A

DOMINGO PAES.

25
Q

THE ARCHITECTURE OF HAMPI WAS DISTINCTIVE. WHY?

A
  1. BUILDINGS IN ROYAL COMPLEXS HAD SPLENDID ARCHES, DOMES AND PILLARED HALLS WITH NICHES FOR HOLDING SCULPTURES.
  2. THEY ALSO HAD WELL PLANNED ORCHARDS AND PLEASURE GARDENS WITH SCULPTURAL MOTIFS SUCH AS THE LOTUS AND CORBELS.
26
Q

TERM MOORS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA MEANS?

A

MOORS (A NAME COLLECTIVELY USED FOR MUSLIM MERCHANTS), CHETTIS AND AGENTS OF EUROPEAN TRADERS SUCH AS PORTUGUESE THRONGED THE MARKETS OF HAMPI.

27
Q

WORD DEVADASIS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA MEANS?

A

TEMPLE DANCERS.

28
Q

WHAT IS VIRUPAKSHA?

A

A FORM OF SHIVA.

29
Q

ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVALS CELEBRATED AT HAMPI WAS?

A

MAHANAVAMI FESTIVAL, KNOWN AS NAVARATRI IN THE SOUTH WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FESTIVALS CELEBRATED AT HAMPI.
THERE WAS A MAHANAVA PLATFORM WHERE THE KING RECIEVED GUESTS AND ACCEPTED TRIBUTE FROM SUBORDINATE CHIEFS.

30
Q

STONE CHARIOT, VITTHALA TEMPLE IS LOCATED IN?

A

HAMPI (KARNATAKA).

31
Q

HAMPI FELL INTO RUIN FOLLOWING THE DEFEAT OF VIJAYNAGARA IN ____ BY ______?

A

IN 1565 BY THE DECCANI SULTANS- THE RULERS OF GOLCONDA, BIJAPUR, AHMADNAGAR, BERAR AND BIDAR.

32
Q

TERM EMPORIUM IN MEDIEVAL INDIA MEANS?

A

A PLACE WHERE GOODS FROM DIVERSE PRODUCTION CENTRES ARE BOUGHT AND SOLD.

33
Q

TERM HUNDI MEANING IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

HUNDI IS A NOTE RECORDING A DEPOSIT MADE BY A PERSON.
THE AMOUNT DEPOSITED CAN BE CLAIMED IN ANOTHER PLACE BY PRESENTING THE RECORD OF THE DEPOSIT.

34
Q

EMPORIUM OF WESTERN TRADE IN GUJARAT DURING MUGHAL PERIOD?

A

SURAT IN GUJARAT WAS THE EMPORIUM OF WESTERN TRADE DURING THE MUGHAL PERIOD ALONG WITH CAMBAY (PRESENT DAY KHAMBAT) AND SOMEWHAT LATER, AHMEDABAD.

35
Q

WHICH CITY WAS CALLED THE GATE TO MECCA DURING MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

SURAT WAS THE GATEWAY FOR TRADE WITH WEST ASIA VIA THE GULF OR ORMUZ.
IT HAS ALSO BEEN CALLED THE GATE TO MECCA BECAUSE MANY PILGRIM SHIPS SET SAIL FROM HERE.

36
Q

IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY THE______, _____ AND _______ HAD THEIR FACTORIES AND WAREHOUSES AT SURAT.

A

PORTUGUESE, DUTCH AND ENGLISH.

37
Q

WHO WAS JOHN OVINGTON?

A

HE WAS AN ENGLISH CHRONICLER OR PRIEST WHO WORTE AN ACCOUNT OF THE SURAT PORT IN 1689, ON AVERAGE A HUNDRED SHIPS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES COULD BE FOUND ANCHORED AT THE PORT AT ANY GIVEN TIME.

38
Q

WHAT WAS ZARI IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

THE TEXTILES OF SURAT WERE FAMOUS FOR THEIR GOLD LACE BORDERS (ZARI).

39
Q

KATHIAWAD SETHS OR MAHAJANS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

KATHIAWAD SETHS OR MAHAJANS (MONEYCHANGERS) HAD HUGE BANKING HOUSES AT SURAT.
IT IS NOTEWORTHY THAT THE SURAT HUNDIS WERE HONOURED IN THE FAR-OFF MARKETS OF CAIRO IN EGYPT, BASRA IN IRAQ AND ANTWERP IN BELGIUM.

40
Q

FACTORS THAT LED TO THE DECLINE OF SURAT TOWARDS THE END OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY?

A
  1. LOSS OF MARKETS AND PRODUCTIVITY BECAUSE OF THE DECLINE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE.
  2. CONTROL OF THE SEA ROUTES BY THE PORTUGUESE AND COMPETITION FROM THE BOMBAY WHERE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY SHIFTED ITS HEADQUARTERS IN 1668.
41
Q

MASULIPATNAM OR MACHLIPATNAM (LITERALLY, FISH PORT TOWN) LAY ON THE DELTA OF THE______ RIVER.

A

KRISHNA.

42
Q

BOTH ______ AND ______ ATTEMPTED TO CONTROL MASULIPATNAM AS IT BECAME THE IMPORTANT PORT ON THE ANDHRA COAST.

A

DUTCH AND ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.

43
Q

THE FORT AT MASULIPATNAM WAS BUILT BY?

A

DUTCH.

44
Q

MEANING OF FACTOR DURING MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

FACTOR WAS AN OFFICIAL MERCHANT OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY. EG WILLIAM METHWOLD.

45
Q

________ IMPOSED ROYAL MONOPOLIES ON THE SALE OF TEXTILES, SPICES AND OTHER ITEMS TO PREVENT THE TRADE PASSING COMPLETELY INTO THE HANDS OF THE VARIOUS EAST INDIA COMPANIES.

A

THE QUTB SHAHI RULERS OF GOLCONDA.

46
Q

TERM KOMATI IN MEDIEVAL INDIA MEANS?

A

TELUGU KOMATIS, CHETTIS WERE TRADING GROUPS COMPETITING IN MASULIPATNAM.

47
Q

DID ANY MUGHAL EMPEROR ANNEXED GOLCONDA?

A

AS THE MUGHALS BEGAN TO EXTEND THEIR POWER TO GOLCONDA THEIR REPRESENTATIVE, THE GOVERNOR MIR JUMLA WHO WAS ALSO A MERCHANT, BEGAN TO PLAY OFF THE DUTCH AND THE ENGLISH AGAINST EACH OTHER. IN 1686-1687 MUGHAL EMPEROR AURANGZEB ANNEXED GOLCONDA.

48
Q

REASONS FOR DECLINE OF MASULIPATNAM IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY?

A
  1. EAST INDIA COMPANIES NEW POLICY OF LOOKING FOR ALTERNATIVES AS IT WAS NOT ENOUGH IF A PORT HAD CONNECTIONS WITH THE PRODUCTIVE CENTRES OF THE HINTERLAND.
  2. THE NEW COMPANY TRADE CENTRES, IT WAS FELT, SHOULD COMBINE POLITICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND COMMERCIAL ROLES.
  3. AS THE COMPANY MOVED TO BOMBAY, CALCUTTA AND MADRAS, MASULIPATNAM LOST BOTH ITS MERCHANTS AND PROSPERITY AND DECLINED IN THE COURSE OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
49
Q

WHO WERE MULLA ABDUL GHAFUR AND VIRJI VORA?

A

THE ENGLISH, DUTCH AND FRENCH FORMED EAST INDIA COMPANIES IN ORDER TO EXPAND THEIR COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE EAST.
INITIALLY GREAT INDIAN TRADERS LIKE MULLA ABDUL GHAFUR AND VIRJI VORA WHO OWNED A LARGE NUMBER OF SHIPS COMPETED WITH THEM.
HOWEVER THE EUROPEAN COMPANIES USED THEIR NAVAL POWER TO GAIN CONTROL OF THE SEA TRADE AND FORCED INDIAN TRADERS TO WORK AS THEIR AGENTS.

50
Q

EFFECT OF ARRIVING OF EUROPEANS ON TEXTILE AND CRAFTSPERSONS?

A
  1. INDIAN TEXTILES DESIGNS BECAME INCREASINGLY REFINED.
  2. HOWEVER, THIS PERIOD ALSO SAW THE DECLINE OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF CRAFTSPERSONS.
  3. THEY NOW BEGAN TO WORK ON A SYSTEM OF ADVANCES WHICH MEANT THAT THEY HAD TO WEAVE CLOTH WHICH WAS ALREADY PROMISED TO EUROPEAN AGENTS.
  4. WEAVERS NO LONGER HAD THE LIBERTY OF SELLING THEIR OWN CLOTH OR WEAVING THEIR OWN PATTERNS. THEY HAD TO REPRODUCE THE DESIGNS SUPPLIED TO THEM BY THE COMPANY AGENTS.
51
Q

WHAT WERE BLACK TOWNS IN MEDIEVAL INDIA?

A

CRAFTS AND COMMERCE UNDERWENT MAJOR CHANGES AS MERCHANTS AND ARTISANS (SUCH AS WEAVERS) WERE MOVED INTO BLACK TOWNS.
THE BLACKS OR THE NATIVES TRADERS AND CRAFTSPERSONS WERE CONFINED HERE AND WHILE THE WHITE RULERS OCCUPIED THE SUPERIOR RESIDENCIES OF FORT ST. GEORGE IN MADRAS OR FORT ST. WILLIAM IN CALCUTTA.

52
Q

VASCO DA GAMA ARRIVED IN INDIA IN?

A

1498 IN CALCUTTA.

53
Q

TRUE/FALSE
WE KNOW THE NAME OF THE ARCHITECT OF THE RAJARAJESHVARA TEMPLE FROM AN INSCRIPTION.

A

TRUE.

54
Q

KABUL WAS FAMOUS FOR ITS TRADE IN_______.

A

HORSES AND SLAVES.

55
Q

RAJARAJESHVARA TEMPLE WAS BUILT IN?

A

1010 AD.

56
Q

AJMER IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUFI SAINT_______.

A

KHWAJA MUINUDDIN CHISHTI.

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