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sociology > Unit 3: Social Inequality > Flashcards

Unit 3: Social Inequality Flashcards

Key Terms

1
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

being without some or all the basic necessities of life
could be below the poverty line

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2
Q

Achieved Status

A

a status that individuals achieve throguh theri own effort

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3
Q

Age/Ageism

A

age is a form of stratification
ageism is prejudice or discrimination agaisnt someone because of their age

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4
Q

Apartheid

A

the stratification system in South Africa until 1994 based on keeping racial groups apart

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5
Q

Ascribed Status

A

a status given to individuals by their society or group over which they have little or no control
for eg status given at birth

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6
Q

Blue Collar Worker/White Collar Worker

A

blue - a manual worker, memeber of the working class
white - a non-manual worker, member of the working class

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7
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

the ruling or upper class in the marxist class theory

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8
Q

Capitalism

A

the economic system of most countries today based on private owenership on the means of production

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9
Q

Caste

A

a closed stratification system traditionally found in India

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10
Q

Civil Rights/human rights

A

civil rights protect the freedom of individuals - guarantees of equal social opportunities and protection under the law, regardless of race, religion, or other characteristics
human rights - are a wider category and include political rights
human rights are rights one acquires by being alive. Civil rights are rights that one obtains by being a legal member of a certain political state

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11
Q

Closed Society

A

a society in which mobility between different levels of stratification is not possible

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12
Q

Culture of Poverty

A

when poor people have a set of values that keep them in poverty

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13
Q

Cycle of Poverty

A

when overty tends to be inherited so the new generation cannot escape the poverty of their parents

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14
Q

Dependancy Culture

A

a set of values leading peopel to loose their ability to look after themselves so they become dependant for example on welfare benefits

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15
Q

Disability

A

covers a wide range of types of impairment in how the body functions in carrying out activites

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

when an individual or group suffers because of their characteristics for example being reufsed a job because you are of a specific ethnicity

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17
Q

Distribution of wealth/ redistribution of wealth

A

the way in which wealth is distributed
redistribution - advocated by marxists and others to achive greater equality by giving some of the wealth of the better off to those who are less wealthy

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18
Q

Domestic Labour

A

the work that has to be done within the home such as housework; understanding how domestic labour is divided in important for understanding gender inequality in fmailies

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19
Q

Elite

A

a privileged group at the top of a stratification systems

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20
Q

Embourgeoisement/proletarianisation

A

embourgeoisement - the theory that the higher levels of the worknig class are becoming middle class
proletarianisation - the theory that the lower levels of the middle class are becoming working class

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21
Q

Equal Oppurtunities

A

when all the same chances (for example, in applying for a job) regardless of differences such as age, gender, and social class

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22
Q

Fatalism

A

individuals belief that they cannot control what happens to them

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23
Q

Feminism

A

political movement and sociological perspective advocating equality of the sexes

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24
Q

Genedered division of labour

A
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25
Q

Glass Ceiling/glass cliff

A

the unseen barrier that seems to prevent women from achieving the highest positions at work
cliff - women were more likely to find themselves in high risk jobs here they were likely to fai lif they ever broke the glass ceiling

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26
Q

Immediate/deffered gratification

A

immediate gratification - choosing instant gratification rather than waiting for greater reward in the future
deferred - being able to set long term goals - planning for the future

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27
Q

Income

A

the sum of earnings from work and other sources

28
Q

industrial Societies

A

societies that use technology for mass production in contrast ot traditional societies

29
Q

Institutional Racism

A

when the way that an organisation works has racist results, even when individuals do not intend this

30
Q

Intergenerational Social Mobility

A

movement between classes in society from one generation to the next, so that wyhen a child grows up she is in a different class from her parents

31
Q

Intragenerational Social Mobility

A

movement between classes in within one generation, so that an individual is born into one class and moves to another

32
Q

Life Chances

A

the oppurtunities that people have to improve their lives

33
Q

Lifestyle

A

the way of life of an individual, group, or culture

34
Q

Market Situation

A

the economic position of a group of workers in relation to others

35
Q

Marxism

A

a theoretical perspective that sees conflict between classes as the most important features of society

36
Q

Meritocracy

A

a society in which individuals achieve the level that their talents and abilities deserve

37
Q

Middle Class

A

professional and other non-manual workers, below the upper class and above the worknig class

38
Q

Minority Ethnic Groups

A

a minority group with a distinct national or cultural tradition

39
Q

Minority Groups

A

a category of people lacking power; can be based on factors such as religion, disability, or age

40
Q

Occupational Structure

A

the hierarchy of occupatinos in a society

41
Q

Open Society

A

a society in which it is possble to move easily from one class to another

42
Q

Patriarchy

A

the dominance of men over women and children in society

43
Q

Poverty Line

A

the level fo income below which people are judged to be in poverty

44
Q

Poverty Trap

A

when poor people are unable ot escape from being poor

45
Q

Power

A

the ability to influence other people’s behaviour

46
Q

Prejudice

A

an unexamined opinion that a group of people are inferior or different

47
Q

Privileged Groups

A

groups enjoying higher status than others or material advantages

48
Q

Professions/professional worker

A

professions - occupations that require specialised higher level education
someone who works as a professional, such as a lawyer and a architect

49
Q

Racism

A

prejudice or discriminatino against an individual or group because of their ethnicity or percieved race

50
Q

Relative Poverty

A

being poor in relation/compared to others in the same society

51
Q

Reserve Army of labour

A

people who are employed when an economy is booming or when they are needed, but then are out of work when not required

52
Q

Scapegoating

A

when individuals or groups are blamed and soemtimes punished for osemthing which is not their fault

53
Q

Skilled Worker/unskilled worker

A

workers who need skills acquired through training to perform their work
unskilled - workers who need no or minimal training to perform their work

54
Q

Slavery

A

a stratification system in which one group is treated as the legal property of another group

55
Q

Social Class

A

a group of people having the same socio economic status
for eg
lower class, middle class, upper class

56
Q

Social Exclusion

A

people who are unable to take part in the osicety in the same way as most people are excluded from social goods

57
Q

Social Inequality

A

the inequality between groups in a stratification system for example in incoem and wealth

58
Q

Social Mobility

A

the movement of individuals or groups from one class to another

59
Q

Social Stratification

A

a hierarchy in which groups have different statuses and different levels of privilege

60
Q

Status

A

a position that someone has in society

61
Q

Traditional Societies

A

societies that are still predominantly agricultutural and have not yet become industrial

62
Q

Underclass

A

a group below the working class that is effectively cut off from the rest of the society

63
Q

Upper Class

A

the highest class in society that is wealthy enough not to need to work

64
Q

Vertical and Horizontal segregation

A

vertical - occupying different levels within a hierarchy
horizontal - differences in the number of people from different groups (such as the sexes) in different occupations

65
Q

Wealth

A

money, savings and property that can be bought and sold to generate income

66
Q

Welfare State

A

the way in which governments try to provide for less well off and reduce social inequality

67
Q

Working class/new working class

A

new - the supposed new class formed by lower middle class workers merging with the tradtional working class

sociology (7 decks)

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