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Sociology > Unit 6: Crime and Deviance > Flashcards

Unit 6: Crime and Deviance Flashcards

Key Terms

1
Q

Agencies of social control

A

organisations, institutions and groups that guide or coerce people into conforming to norms

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2
Q

community sentencing

A

punishments that involve non custodial sentences, such as carrynig out work for the community

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3
Q

anomie

A

when the social bonds and shared value system between a society and individuals are broken, so people do not respect these social values and feel they are outside of society

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4
Q

conformity

A

matching attitudes and behaviour ot those of the group

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5
Q

crime

A

acts that break formal written laws

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6
Q

corporate crime

A

crime committed by corporations or organisations, usually in pursuit of profit for the corporation rather than the benefit of individuals

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7
Q

crime rates

A

statistical measures of crime

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8
Q

crime prevention

A

attempts by governments to reduce crime, enforce laws and maintain criminal justice

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9
Q

cybercrime

A

criem involving use of new technologies such as computers

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10
Q

deterrent

A

when a punishment is intended to stop the offencer or others from committing the offence so as to avoid the punishment

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10
Q

dark figure

A

the unknown number of crimes not included in the official statistics

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11
Q

deviant career

A

in labelling theory this term described the choices that indivduals make which lead them to behave in ways labelled as deviant and they go on to follow a deviant path or career

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11
Q

deviance

A

behaviour that breaks (or violates) the norms and values of a group

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12
Q

deviancy amplification

A

when responses to deviance create further deviance

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13
Q

dominant values

A

beliefs that form a basis for action and are held by most people or by those with the power to force their values on others

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14
Q

Formal Social Control

A

ways in which a government or its agencies, such as the police and the law courts, get people to conform to bias

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14
Q

Inadequate socialisation

A

socialisation that fails to fully instill social norms and values and so make individuals more likely to become deviant

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15
Q

Exile/Ostracism

A

exile - punishment involving the offender having to leave their home and community
ostracism - punishment involving being excluded from the community

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16
Q

informal social control

A

ways in which people get others to conform to norms, for example by ridiculing them or with looks of disapproval

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17
Q

internet crime

A

criem involving use of the internet

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18
Q

law enforcement agencies

A

government agencies with power to make peopel conform to the laws in their areas, such as police forces or, in the USA, the Federal Bureau of Investigation

18
Q

judicial system

A

the system of courts that apply and interret laws

19
Q

labelling

A

the way in which acts and people are defined as deviant by the social reaction to their behaviour

20
Q

juvenile delinquency

A

deviant acts by young people that would be treated as crimes if they were older

21
Q

masculinity

A

the attitudes and behaviour associated with being a man in a particular culture

22
Q

material deprivation

A

being short of the material goods needed in a society

22
Q

master status

A

a status that overrides all others and becomes the way that individuals see themselves and are seen by others

23
Q

moral panic

A

exaggerated social reaction to deviance, creating a demand for action against it

24
Q

official crime statistics

A

official figures of the number of crimes and offenders

25
Q

peer group

A

a group that individuals identify with because they share characteristics such as age or status

26
Q

penal system

A

the formal organisation of punishments for crime in a society

27
Q

prison

A

a place for physically confining offenders, depriving them fo their freedom

28
Q

policing

A

the ways in which the police carry out their work such as investigating crimes and arresting offenders

29
Q

rehabilitation

A

when the punishement involves work or education to hel offenders realise they were wrong to commit the crime and to hel them resume a law abiding life

30
Q

relative deprivation

A

the feeling of having less than others with whom a comparison can legitimately be made

31
Q

sanctions

A

penalties imposed for not conforming to norms and values

31
Q

rewards

A

positive benefits recieved for an act (also called positive sanctions)

32
Q

self report studies

A

research that asks people what crimes or deviant acts they have committed - used by sociologists who believe official police statistics are a social construct

33
Q

socialisation

A

the process by which indivduals learn the norms and values of a social group

34
Q

sociological explanation

A

attempts to account for phenomena such as crime that rely on sociological (as opposed to for example, psychological or biological) insights

35
Q

stereotyping

A

representations of groups in popular culture or views held by individuals that assume that all members of a group have the same characteristics

36
Q

status frustration

A

when people are unable to achieve the socially approved goals because of their position in society

37
Q

stigma

A

a label that changes the labelled person’s positive self - image in to a megative one

38
Q

sub culture

A

a group of people in a culture who have sufficiently different norms and values to be seen as a seperate group

39
Q

surveillance

A

monitoring individuals and groups by governments or others, collecting information with the intention of preventing crime

40
Q

targetting

A

when the police focus on a particular group of people, believing them to be more likelyl to be involved in criminal behaviour than others

41
Q

urban crime

A

criem in cities or associated with the lifestyle people have in cities

42
Q

victim surveys

A

research that asks people what crimes they have been victims of

43
Q

white collar crime

A

non-violent crime committed by middle class people for financial gain, such as fraud, embezzlement, bribery and identity theft

44
Q

youth culture/youth subculture

A

culture - the ways of life of young peopel between childhood and adulthood
sub culture - a distinct group within the general youth culture, such as goths

Sociology (7 decks)

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