Quizzam #2

Question 1

Semantics

Answer 1

Learning & storage of word meanings

Question 2

Mental Lexicon

Answer 2

Volume of words understood (receptive) and used (expressive)
- Receptive = LT expressive
- Kids acquire ~860 words/ yr ages 1-7

Question 3

Relationship btwn semantics & syntactic dev.

Answer 3

They’re H interrelated
-INC words = INC syntax

Question 4

Semantic Taxonomy

Answer 4

How semantics are categorized. 5:
- specific nominals
- general nominal
- Action word
- modifiers
-PERS - SOC words

Question 5

How do kids learn new words?

Answer 5

-Repition, ~7
-Exposure via media or other (parent, sibling, ect)
-Reading
-Reinforcement/BHVR

Question 6

How Do Kids Learn New Words Cont. (STEPS)

Answer 6

1) Attntl focus at initial exposure
-Lead in > Adult labels something outside of kid’s attntl focus (may shift and support learning)
-Follow In> Adult labels object / event kid is attnding (M influential for vocab)

2) Context at Initial Exposure
-Ostensive > Lots of info given for new word (better for learning)
-Nonostensive > Given L context

3) Other Factors
-Imagineability > Concrete or abstract
-Extralinguistic Cue > Inflection, gestures, ect that STR linguistic input
-Phonological Form > Arbitrary VS onomatopoeic (predictable sound combo)

Question 7

Pragmatic Dev aspects

Answer 7

-Lang use for different comm functions
-Dev convo skills
-Gaining sensitivity to extralinquistic cues

Question 8

Extralinguistic Cues

Answer 8

-Posture, gesture
-Face expr, eye contact
-proximity
-Gained sensitivity to extralinquistic cues

Question 9

Convo Schema

Answer 9

Pragmatic Dev is important
-Initial est. Of topic
-Navigation of series of contingent turns maintaining topic shift

Question 10

The Theories of Lang and Learning

Answer 10

Nature: Universal grammar and Lang Acquisition Device (LAD)

Nurture: Skinner,

Interactionist: Vygotstky

COG: Piaget

Question 11

Chomsky’s Universal Grammar Th

Answer 11

All world langs consistently have a system of grammar rules

Question 12

Lang Acquisition Device (LAD)

Answer 12

Kids born w/ basic grammar rules
-Lang and its interpretation and use is free creation constrained by generation used infinitely and freely varied.

Question 13

Skinner nurture th. and lang

Answer 13

Learning caused by operant conditioning, Bhvr rein = STR, bhvr punish = WK
-We aren’t born w/ lang-COG
*Tabula Rasa - Blank slate

Question 14

Vygotsky’s Interactionist Theory and lang

Answer 14

Kids learn via SOC interaction & COG dev is propelled forward

Zone of Proximal Dev. - Diff btwn kid’s actual dev. lvl and their potential lvl W/ SUPPORT
-What learner can do (too easy) INC w/ time and support. INC = tasks H
-ZoPD
-What learner can’t doo, is too hard

Question 15

Piaget’s COG Dev Th. and Lang

Answer 15

Kids go through stages of Dev., one must occur before another
-COG achievement needed for lang to emerge
-kid must be active in constructing understanding of lang

Question 16

Piaget’s stages

Answer 16

Sensorimotor (0-2) - Expl via senses and PHYS interaction
-Can understand actions, cause, and effect
-Object permanence at 8m

Preoperational (2-7) - Symboliv learning, use of words and pictures to rep objects and ideas
-Egocentric - Difficulty seeing other’s perspective

Concrete Operational (7-11) - Logical thought, can understand law of conservation
-Understand others have diff thoughts, feels, and opinions

Functional Operational (11+) - Abstract thought, able to reason

Question 17

Lang and Speech achievement in infancy (~8-9m-1yr) Comm

Answer 17

-Parentese natural

-Infants are prelinguistic - eye gaze, facial, V, and gestures occur before spoken lang

-Infant comm can be preintentional or intentional
*Pre - Indeliberate comm, interaction w/ partner overlay meaning to bhvr
*Intentional - Child comm w/ intent of conveying message to interactive partner

Question 18

Infant directed speech / Parentese

Answer 18

Spch adults use w/ lang learner
-Learner prelinguistic
-Preferred over adult directed speech (ADS)
-Exaggerated pitches & pauses, allowing infants to detect major syntactic units (1 word)
-Long V, short C, H pitch, slower rate (feat)
-short MLU, M content words VS function words (syntactic character)
-INC rep and Qs (Discourse feat)

Question 19

Caregiver responses in parentese

Answer 19

Waiting and listening
Following child’s lead
Joining in and playing
Face-to-face
Variety of Qs and labels
Encouraging turn taking
Expanding and extending

M parent talks to kid = M vocab, H V & COG performance

Question 20

Dailey routines and lang

Answer 20

-Provide change to learn lang
-benefits from rep words and phrases ED
-Helps segment phrases, clauses, and words (w/ time)
-Allows to learn phonotactics
-Routines allow for joint attnt

Question 21

Foundations of Infant Comm

Answer 21

-Attnd SOC partner (b-6m)

-Focused joint attnt / Shared reference - Adult & kid attnd same thing w/out meaningful interaction

-Body movement rituals

-React to emotions

Question 22

Emergence & coordination of joint attnt

Answer 22

8m-1yr
-M interest in seeing & manipulating objects
-Those who engage in L periods of join attnt have L vocab at 18m

Question 23

Shift to Intentional Comm (8-10m)

Answer 23

Intnentional bhvr - Actions committed w/ intent and no direction

Comm Act - Use intentional prelinguistic comm (attnt to others/object/event)

Question 24

Those w/ intentional comm can

Answer 24

Seek attnt to S
Seek attnt to events, object, others
Request objects, actions, and info

Question 25

Intentionality Indicators

Answer 25

Ritualized gestures (pointing)
persist to goal repeat/modify gesture
Triadic gaze - Gaze shifts back and forth btwn object/event w/ adult coordinated joint attnt (6m)

Question 26

Transition to Lang

Answer 26

Start = incorporate lang into comm w/ others
-Lang used to rep object/event
-Caregiver V encouragement of kid attnt at 1yr + related to lang dev

Question 27

Speech Perception

Answer 27

1yr, kid distinguish among sound of all world lang
-Perceptual narrow - Focus on diff relevent thing to them
-Phonotactics - Able to recognize permissible combo of phoneme in lang
*Helps segment words from continuous spch

Question 28

Infants and dogs detect paralinguistics

Answer 28

Prosodic characteristics of spch include frequency, duration, & intensity
-Stress - Prominence placed on syllables of multisyllabic words w/ -
-Intonantion - ^ but applies to whole phrase & sentence

-9m kidss prefer words w/ STR-WK stress patterns

Question 29

Vocalization

Answer 29

Infants vocalize as soon as born
-INC w/ coordination & maturity during 1st yr
-5m = non-cry vocals to get reactions
-Early vocals follow stage model

Question 30

Vocalizations stages

Answer 30

Reflexive
Phonation ctrol
Expansion
Basic canonical syllables
Advanced forms

Question 31

Reflexive vocalizations (0-2)

Answer 31

Basic reflex sounds of discomfort & vegetative sounds
-Adult responds to these as comm
-Melody of cry matches native lang

Question 32

Ctrl of phonation vocalization (1-4m)

Answer 32

Cooing & gooing
-V & C like sounds combined similar to segments
-Isolated C sounds, raspberries, trills, and clicks

Question 33

Expansion vocalizations (3-8m)

Answer 33

Isolated V and V glides produced
-Experiment w/ loudness & pitch / squeals
-Maybe marginalized babbling (C & V like sounds w/ prolong transition btwn sounds)

Question 34

Basic canonical syllables (5-10m)

Answer 34

Singular C-V syllables
-Canonical babbeling - 2+ CV syllables
-Replicated babbeling - CV pair repeated
Nonreduplicated babbelling - nonrepeat CV comm

Question 35

Reduplicate

Answer 35

V-C repitition (mama)

Question 36

Advanced forms vocalizations (9-18m)

Answer 36

Diphthongs produced
-Complex syllable forms: VC, CCV, VCV, & multisyllabic strings w/out varied stress pattern
(Jargon)