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A-Level Media > Newspapers > Flashcards

Newspapers Flashcards

Covers both representation, industries and audience

1
Q

What is meant by digital convergence?

A

Media convergence is the process by which multiple media technologies are brought together into one computerized device. For example, smartphones can do the jobs which newspapers, GPS’s, and telephones used to accomplish separately.

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2
Q

What are some key differences between The Times physical newspapers and online?

A
  • Excludes tradition activities such as crosswords or Sudoku usually found in printed editions.
  • Contains a paywall.
  • Immediate pop up for data mining for personalized viewing eg ads.
  • Contains more expensive adverts for more materialistic objects eg coffee machine.
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3
Q

What are some key similarities between The Times physical newspapers and online?

A
  • Same symbolic logo - makes page recognisable.
  • Similar layout - looks like a print cover.
  • Same font style.
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4
Q

What does the masthead + logo suggest? (The Times)

A
  • Suggests paper will show what is happening at the ‘time’
  • Logo signifies history and tradition
  • Serif font - traditional, sophisticated, classy
  • Masthead being partially covered represents paper as iconic and memorable
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5
Q

What does the title “How to be fit?” suggest?

A
  • “Do bare minimum” and woman sat down yawning, suggests relatability, soft news
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6
Q

Annotations of the main image media language of The Times?

A
  • Large bold image is eye catching
  • Large amount of small print copy, represents paper being aimed at more educated people with higher literacy levels
  • Formal mode of address reflects broadsheet status and severity/seriousness of content
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7
Q

Main image contents annotations of The Times

A
  • BJ expression is ashamed, unsure
  • Lacks confidence and shown uncertainty of his future
  • Gives a slight biased or left wing view as may be pushing the idea that this i show he’s running the country - with uncertainty.
  • BJ wearing suit and tie signifies wealth and power
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8
Q

What are the quotes on the main image called and what do they communicate?

A

Pull quotes.
- Helps anchor the meaning
- Quote by Sue Gray stating BJ has failed, she is making a judgement which also suggests the newspaper is making a judgement too.
- Sue Gray’s use of ellipses suggest the issue isn’t over and there’s more to come.

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9
Q

The Times says they remain politically neutral, what says otherwise?

A
  • In reality, he Times leans slightly more right wing (pro conservative).
  • Negative rep of BJ is unusual due to The Times usually bring more supportive of conservatives
  • May have been done to reflect the public opinion of readers as they were all disgusted by their actions
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10
Q

Annotations of other aspects of the front cover? eg other stories featured in the paper and text.

A
  • Mention of police in the headline makes it seem more serious
    • Use of number four emphasizes how many time the law was broken along with quote “detectives examining HUNDREDS of photos”
  • Use of facts and statistic shows how much evidence there is against them
  • References to dirnking culture + excessive drinking suggests conservatives are out of control, lazy, unprofessional etc.
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11
Q

What does “The Times verdict” connote?

A
  • Makes paper seem important and judgmental
  • Includes opinions from multiple parties not just labour shows BJ lost support from everyone
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12
Q

What are the stories at the bottom of the page called?

A

Jump lines.
- They help the audience engage readers to buy and read more.
- The other stories are more neutral and factual.

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13
Q

What does the image of the queen on the front cover of Daily Mirror suggest?

A

Her clothing and jewels connote her wealth and status
- May be a form of escapism for people who dream for that kind of wealth and status
- Choice of an old photo suggests she’s long standing reign and shows history of article
- Reinforced by image of King George next to her saying “tears for the king”
- Represents Daily Mirror as a patriotic paper/company

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14
Q

Image and text connotations on the Daily mirror front cover?

A

Large images and small amounts of copy is conventional for tabloid papers
- Reflects low literacy levels of readers

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15
Q

Annotations of the image of the main image of Daily Mirror front cover?

A
  • Large image of Boris suggests power and importance
  • Suit and tie represents him as being high status
  • Looks a bit disheveled connoting he is lazy and unprofessional
  • Looks unapologetic - smirking, suggests he doesn’t think he is at fault
  • Meaning anchored by big headline “ZERO SHAME” emphasizes he should feel shame
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16
Q

How are men represented on the Daily Mirror front cover?

A

King George and Keir Starmer also wearing suits and ties
- Represents men in positions of power and wealth

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17
Q

Examples of facts and statistics and what they do on Daily Mirror front cover?

A
  • 12 parties
  • 3 attended
  • 1 in own flat
  • 300 pictures
  • Numbers help article feel more persuasive and suggest sheer volume of rules broken
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18
Q

How is Daily Mirror’s political view communicated on the front cover?

A
  • Ellipsis communicates Daily Mirrors opinion that there should be an apology but there isn’t
  • Links to DM’s political standpoint as pro labor and anti conservative
  • Emphasized by biased language “ shameless” which creates negative representations of Boris
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19
Q

Example of binary oppositions (Levi Strauss) in Daily Mirror front cover?

A
  • BJ partying vs public sticking to rules
  • Draws comparison between BJ and British public which paints him as a villain
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20
Q

Language used in Daily Mirror front cover?

A

“snubbed” “brash” use of these words create negative representation of him being arrogant and uncaring

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21
Q

What is an example of an inter textual reference on Daily Mirror front cover?

A

“Partygate” reference to Watergate scandal, where US president Richard Nixon was investigated for corruption and crimes
- Which represents BJ as corrupt and untrustworthy

22
Q

Examples of language used in Daily Mirror double page to describe Boris?

A
  • Repetition of word” Shame” connotes Boris’s wrongdoing “man with no shame”
23
Q

What are connotations of the image of Boris on Daily Mirror double page?

A
  • Image of BJ in suit drinking champagne
  • Juxtaposed with main image left of BJ of NHS workers
  • Binary oppositions between key workers and Boris creates representation of him being lazy, enjoying luxuries as opposed to saving lives
  • Champagne has connotations of celebrations/celebratory occasions which suggests he doesn’t see the wrong in his actions
24
Q

What does the article written by Kier Starmer suggest in Daily Mirror double page?

A
  • Explains some bias against Boris + Conservatives in article
  • Starmer addresses reader directly with “Dear Mirror readers” and inclusive language such as “The British people” ,”we” and “us”. “We weren’t able to visit elderly relatives”
    “Many of us missed funerals and births”
  • Represents Starmer as a man of the people - shared experiences
  • Starmer flatters general public saying how hardworking and how they’ve done their best
  • Pull quote “British people aren’t fools”
  • Reflects Starmer’s desire to gain voters support
25
Q

How does Daily Mirror invite readers to make comparisons between Boris and another member of the public?

A

“Compare Hannah’s quiet dignity with his lying bombast”
- “bombast” means trying to impress people by saying things that sound impressive but have little meaning
- Paired with the word “lying” emphasizes BJ’s wrongings.
- Represents Hannah as a heroic protagonist who was quietly working hard and overcoming struggles

26
Q

Whats an inter textual reference in Daily Mirror double page?

A
  • Some text says the conservatives played Abba’s song “The Winner Takes It All” at one party.
  • Represents conservatives as cocky, arrogant and as if they are the “winners in life”
  • Reflects working class beliefs that the struggles they face are due to cruel actions of members of the upper class
27
Q

What does the series of small opinion pieces on the right of the Daily Mirror double page suggest?

A
  • From everyday members of the public
  • Connote Boris is unpopular with a lot of people
  • makes Boris’s representation more trustworthy and accurate
  • Opinions mostly from working class people in diverse backgrounds.
  • Appeals to daily mirror readers who are likely to also be working class and in similar situations
28
Q

Annotations of other details in Daily Mirror double page?

A
  • Image of NHS workers working hard in dangerous conditions, subtitle “Critical Care” - represents them as putting themselves in risky, dangerous yet heroic situations
  • “Stain on our nation” - negative connotations
  • Creates impression of them being dirty and ruining the country
29
Q

What does the image of Putin on Daily Mirror double page mean?

A
  • Satirical joke of Putin saying even HE can’t be associated with BJ connotes ideas of tyranny and control.
30
Q

What is vertical integration?

A

When a company owns and controls every stage of the production, distribution and exhibition process.

31
Q

What is horizontal integration?

A

When a media company acquires companies of the same media type. (Rivals before acquisition)

32
Q

What is Curran &Seatons key ideas?

A

Media is controlled by a small number of companies driven by profit.
- Media concentration limits variety creativity +quality.
- Profit driven works overtake creativity.

33
Q

3 advantages of horizontal integration?

A

Production costs minimized
- Resources can be shared
- Markets can be controlled

34
Q

What is a conglomerate?

A

A company that owns other companies across a range of media platforms.

35
Q

What is meant by circulation?

A

Circulation is a count of how many copies of a particular publication are distributed.

36
Q

What is The Daily Mirror’s target audience?

A
  • British
  • Male
  • Left wing
  • C2DE
    -Working class
37
Q

What is The Times’s target audience?

A

The Times targets a more affluent high-brow audience (ABC1) and typically has a higher readership among men however women are beginning to have a more positive opinion on The Times than men (YouGov). This sense is created by the issues they cover, how they frame them in a less sensationalized light and the fact The Times is the most expensive newspaper.

38
Q

How does Daily Mirror appeal to it’s target audience?

A
  • Gambling, competitions for money or tickets etc
    (Helps engage people on a lower income)
  • Features a lot of left wing articles like positive representations of Liberal Democrats, labour etc and more negative representations of conservatives
  • Readers tend to have a lower reading age/literacy level so engage more by soft news, entertainment based stories, large images with little copy
39
Q

How does The Times appeal to it’s target audience?

A
  • Higher literacy levels/education so less images with more copy
  • Paywall/subscriptions
  • Competitions for personalized etc wine tasting, political based
40
Q

Reach plc is horizontally intergrated, what does this mean?

A
  • They buy out competing companies
  • It means they can share journalists + resources, reducing costs
  • Can share stories, which can increase coverage
41
Q

Who is The Times owned by?

A

News Corp, a global conglomerate, the CEO is Rupert Murdoch

42
Q

The Times is published by a vertically and horizontally integrated conglomerate, what benefits are there?

A
  • Gives power and resources
  • Able to take risks due to having the funds
  • A global conglomerate can help a paper to be distributed using subsidiary companies to promote
43
Q

Information about of Rupert Murdoch?

A
  • Conservative
  • Friends with Donald Trump, supports Republican party, might suggests his papers reflect his own political views
44
Q

The Times and The Daily Mirror are owned by stockholders, what does this mean?

A
  • They have to protect their reputation share price
    e.g News Corp was discovered to be involved in phone hacking scandal, especially the paper News Of The World
  • Caused a huge amount of bad publicity, to protect their image they discontinued NOTW.
  • Ties in with Curran & Seatons profit and power theory and Hesmondhalgh’s minimizing risk and maximizing profit.
45
Q

The Times and Daily Mirror are regulated by IPSO, what is IPSO and what do they do?

A

IPSO is the Independent Press Standards Organisation, they regulate the newspaper and magazine industry.
- IPSO have regulations about what newspapers can and can’t do it terms of language, ethics etc.
- People argue IPSO is biased due to being run by the newspaper industry.

46
Q

Why is it hard to regulate newspapers?

A

Because of technology.
- Comments, public sharing videos of their own
- Using algorithms/bots to regulate is hard due to not being able to detect context, cultural references etc, but good for regulating a lot of content in a short time period.
- Commenters find ways to avoid being moderated

47
Q

What are the impacts of technology on newspapers? (The Daily Mirror)

A
  • Circulation declined massively in the last 15 years due to access to tech/online news
  • Daily Mirror’s website is free
  • To compete, many publishers are diversifying into online news as it helps maintain a digital audience
48
Q

What are the impacts of technology on The Times?

A
  • Circulation either increasing or staying the same
  • Reflects their slightly older more educated target audience who prefer more traditional access to news
  • The Times has a paywall on their online newspaper
  • May give illusion their content is quality/worth paying for.
49
Q

How do both newspapers create alternate ways to capture revenue?

A
  • Daily Mirror has lots of advertising space online and phone lines
  • DM has a betting website, have to sign up and use card details
  • Dating section to website (have to pay for)
50
Q

How can Clay Shirky’s idea be applied to newspaper industries?

A

The rise of digital uses reflects his ideas of active audiences wanting to speak back, create content, etc.

51
Q

Who regulates newspapers?

A

IPSO

A-Level Media (14 decks)

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