Childhood Immunizations Flashcards
Vaccination
the administration of a small amount of antigen, which is capable of stimulating an immune response but does not typically produce the disease.
traditional vaccines
inactivated (killed) microorganism
Attenuated vaccine
live, weakened (attenuated) microorganism
Toxoids
inactivated toxins stimulate formation of antitoxins that produce active immunity (tetanus toxoid)
Conjugated vaccines (newer):
require a protein or toxoid to link with disease-causing microorganism (H. influenza type B)
recombinant subunit vaccines
insertion of genetic material (DNA) of pathogen into another cell where the antigen is produced in massive quantities (HepB)
Infant primary schedule: immunization requirements
Diphtheria, Tetanus, acellular Pertussis (DTaP)
Poliovirus
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)
Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib)
Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)
Influenza
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV; Chickenpox).
early childhood immunizations requirements
Primary schedule is completed; with the exception of boosters
where can nurses obtain recommendations for immunization requirement schedules
Advisory Committee on Immunizations Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
uCommittee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
reason for Hepatitis A Virus (HepA) immunization
Daycare - diaper changes - handwashing
Children in close proximity
(Fecal-oral route, Person-to-person contact, Ingested contaminated food or water)
dosage for Hepatitis A Virus (HepA)
Two doses: 1 year old and 6 months after first dose
significance of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
HBV during childhood and adolescence can lead to fatality from cirrhosis of liver cancer in adulthood
newborn Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) administration
administer before discharge
dosage for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Three additional doses (after newborn dose): 1, 2, and 6 months of age
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is safe to administer with what other immunizations
Safe to administer at a SEPARATE SITES with DTaP, MMR, and Hib vaccines
IM sites for newborns
Vastas lateralis
IM sites for toddlers and children
deltoid
Diphtheria vaccine - does not produce absolute immunity, so booster is needed…
every 10 years
Tetanus vaccine provides
antitoxin levels for about 10 years
tetanus vaccine booster is needed
every 10 years
dosage for Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP)
Four doses: 2, 4, and 6 months of age, and fourth dose on or after four years old
Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV) significance
Exclusive use of IPV due to rare risk of vaccine-associated polio paralysis (VAPP) from oral polio vaccine (OPV)
dosage for Inactivated Poliovirus (IPV)
2 months, 4 months, 6 to 18 months, and 4 to 6 years of age
PEDIARIX
combination vaccine containing DTaP, Hep B, and IPV
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) significance
due to recurrence of measles in older children and young adults, susceptible individuals should be immunized if 2 doses not administered previously
dosage for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR)
Two doses: 12 to 15 months of age and 4 to 6 years of age (school entry)
MMR and Varicella and ProQuad are given
sub-Q
Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV)
ProQuad - attenuated live virus vaccine should not be administered to children with immune deficiencies and pregnant females
ProQuad label states:
STORE FROZEN and indicates specific temperatures for the storage. This is due to the Varicella.
what develops 2-3 days after symptoms begin with Measles
Koplik spots
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV 13) significance
Streptococcal pneumococci (bacterial infection) younger than 2 years who attend day care and are immuno-compromised (septicemia, meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia)