A2- The healthcare sector Flashcards
What does NGO stand for?
Non governmental organisation.
What are the organisations that make up the NHS?
Primary care (GP, dental care and opticians), acute hospital trusts, mental health trusts, community services (SALTS, district nurses and physiotherapists), ambulance trusts, charity and social enterprises.
What are the 3 branches of service, who are they run by and how are they funded?
• Statutory- This is run by the NHS and the department of health. It is paid for by taxes and national insurance.
• Private- This is non government run and is owned by private corporations or individuals. They make a profit by charging for treatment.
• Non profit (charity)- This is a voluntary service and is funded through philanthropy as they don’t profit from the services they provide.
Define primary care.
This is the first point of contact with a health professional. They tend to deal with acute medical issues, and they take a social approach. This means they look at lifestyle and encourage changes. Examples include: dentists, walk in centres, A&E and 111 calls.
Define secondary care.
This involves hospital services where people can receive in patient, out patient and social care services. This could be for investigations, tests or treatment. They take a medical approach. This includes maternity services.
People are typically referred to secondary care services by a GP, this care is planned as it may be treatment or surgery and the care is specialised so it may be with a physiotherapist.
Define tertiary care.
This is certain specialist care delivered in a hospital or a similar care setting.
This includes specialist medical care provided by residential nursing homes, hospices, mental health services and in the persons home. This will be delivered by a specialised professional.
This is long term care, highly specialised, can be used as respite and includes end of life care.
What is the history of the NHS?
The ‘National Health Service’ was started July 5th 19 48 by the Minister of health, Aneurin Bevan at Park hospital in Manchester, as Bevan felt that healthcare was insufficient and needed revolutionising. It now provided universal equity and quality of care.
What was treatment like pre NHS?
Healthcare was private and administered by Harley street doctors and was therefor costly with high morality and morbidity rate. There was also charitable healthcare where an almoner would check if you could pay a small fee.
What have been the key developments since the start of the NHS?
It now has a higher cost due to demand, we charge for proscriptions, limit IVF, charge for eye and teeth checks, give community care, provide more roles, live longer and vaccinate people.
What was Bevans leaflet?
It was a leaflet explaining the benefits of the NHS by highlighting its key principles. He addressed barriers to healthcare and emphasised that the NHS would provide care regardless in an attempt to tackle the barriers. These barriers were want (tackling poverty), ignorance (education), disease (healthcare), squalor (homelessness) and idleness (employment).
What is an algorithm?
Information based on data from a range of geographical areas. Averages are used to calculate concerns/risks, highlight patterns and trends.
What is a PPG?
A ‘patient participation group’ is where a group of patients can engage with practitioners about their experiences to shape and improve services. This allows the NHS to meet the needs of the locality. An example is Health Watch.
What is ACAS?
The ‘Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration service’ is an independent public body which give free and impartial advice to employers and employees regarding workplace relations and their rights. They will provide support and guidance on grievances, disciplinary procedures, termination, discrimination and disputes. This helps to promote good employment practices.
What is a CCG?
A ‘Clinical Commissioning Group’ is a group of practitioners who plan and commission healthcare for an area by looking at its needs.
What is beneficence?
Acting in a way that promotes wellbeing and a patients best interest.
What is maleficence?
Acting in a way that does not promote wellbeing and a patients best interest.
What is the CQC?
The ‘Care Quality Commission’ is an independent regulatory body that monitors, inspects and regulates health and social care services. It ensures the services meets the required standards of safety, effectiveness and quality. It will rate the service outstanding, good, requires improvement and inadequate.
What are ethics?
They are principles and morale values that guide you to determine what is right and what is wrong.
What is an MDT?
A ‘Multi-Disciplinary Team’ is when a team of different professionals come together to discuss a patients care plan. The patient may be present.
What is Judicial care?
Care for prisoners, those in custody and young offenders. They still have human rights and can therefore refuse treatment and are offered specialist help.
What is AI and how does it benefit the NHS?
‘Artificial Intelligence’ is intelligent software. It allows professionals to find information quicker to make care more efficient.
What are some examples of AI in healthcare?
• Virtual wards- This is at home care through apps and medical devices.
• Virtual health assistants- AI that can give patients instant responses to healthcare queries.
• Medical imaging analysis- Machines learn radiology resulting in computer aided MRI’s and CT’s.
• Predictive analytics- Using data to forecast future outcomes.
• Health implants- These are medical devices in the body which help to treat and regulate a condition and restore function.
• Printing tissues and limbs.
Give examples of assistive computer technology in healthcare.
• Remote heart monitoring.
• Printing prosthetics.
• Robotic surgery- Combining computer technology with a surgeon. The surgeon uses controls to manipulate instruments. This replicates the hands of the surgeon to reduce tremors and improve accuracy, it also means there is a smaller incision, less tissue damage and a faster recovery.
• CAD/CAM 3D printing- ‘computer aided design/manufacturing’ This is surgery assisted by the use of a 3D model, or custom made prosthetics, printing surgical instruments to suit the patient to improve accuracy and promote better outcomes, bio printing tissues via a computer guided pipette which layers living cells to make living tissue.
Give and explain 3 examples of healthcare apps.
• ‘Diabetes My Way’ helps diabetes patients monitor their condition and access educational resources and advice.
• ‘Evergreen Life’ helps patients manage their health and well-being by tracking their records, appointments, ordering repeat proscriptions, medication reminders, information and fitness monitors.
• ‘The NHS App’ allows patients 13 or over to order repeat proscriptions, request a pharmacy, book appointments, cancel appointments, refer to past ones, receive advice, view records and their allergies.
