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Anatomy For Radiographers 1 > The Skeletal system part 1 > Flashcards

The Skeletal system part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Process

A

Projection extending beyond the main body of
the structure

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2
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

Hematopoiesis
Protection
Fat storage
Support
Movement through the locomotor system

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3
Q

Condyle

A

a rounded projection at an articular
extremity

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4
Q

Coracoid or coronoid process

A

beaklike process

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5
Q

Crest

A

ridge-like projection

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6
Q

Epicondyle

A

Projection above condyle

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7
Q

Head

A

expanded portion of a long bone

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8
Q

Malleolus

A

: club-shaped process

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9
Q

Trochanter

A

large rounded process located at a
junction of the neck and shaft of the femur

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10
Q

Groove

A

shallow linear depression

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11
Q

Bone

A

is a hard, dense connective tissue that forms most of the adult skeleton,

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12
Q

Cartilage

A

a semi-rigid
form of connective tissue, provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement

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13
Q

classification of Bones

A

a. Long bones
b. Short bones
c. Flat bones
d. Irregular bones
e. Sesamoid bones

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14
Q

long bones

A

Comprise of a
cylindrical shaft and two heads at both ends examples; Bones of the limbs - Femur, radius
and ulna, humerus, tibia, fibula, metatarsal,
phalanges

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15
Q

short bones

A

They are cube-shaped and
don’t have shaft and heads

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15
Q

function of short bones

A

*Responsible for transmitting forces of
movement
* Provide stability
*Examples include: carpals and tarsal bones

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15
Q

function of long bones

A

for locomotion

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15
Q

Flat bones

A

Have flat wide surfaces

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16
Q

Functions of flat bones

A

*for muscle
attachment and protection of inner organs
* Examples: cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapulae

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17
Q

Irregular bones

A

is one that does not have any easily characterized shape and therefore does not fit any other
classification

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17
Q

functions of irregular bones

A

Protect internal organs
example facial bones and vertebrae

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18
Q

List down the 4 bone cells

A
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteogenic stem
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18
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • responsible for forming new bone matrix
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18
Q

location of the osteoblasts

A

*is found in the growing portions of bone, including the
periosteum and endosteum
* at the site of fracture

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19
Q

Osteocyte formation

A

formed when osteoblast is trapped in the calcified matrix.

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19
Q

Osteocyte location

A

Lacunae

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19
Q

Osteocyte function

A
  • Maintain the mineral concentration of
    the bone matrix via the secretion of enzymes
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19
Q

Osteogenic Cells

A

undergo mitotic activity to form osteoclasts.

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19
Q

Osteoclasts function

A
  • Maintain the shape of bones during growth
  • Remove extra callus formed during healing of fractures
  • responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown
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19
Q

location of osteoclasts

A

Bone surfaces and at sites of old, injured, or unneeded
bone

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20
Q

Types of Bone tissues

A
  • Spongy Bone
  • Compact bone
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20
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • dense
  • strong
  • found under the periosteum in the diaphysis region of long bones
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21
Q

Functions of compact bones

A
  • It provides support and protection.
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22
Q

Harvesian system

A

The microscopic structural unit of compact bone

22
Q

other name of the harvesian system

A
  • Osteon
22
Q

List the components of the harvesian system

A
  • Harvesian canal/ central canal
  • Lacunae
  • Lamellae
  • Canaliculi
  • Volkmann’s canals
22
Q

Harvesian canal

A

A tiny channel that runs lengthwise through the center of the osteon.

23
Q

Lacunae

A
  • space or tiny cavities between lamellae that houses osteocytes
23
Q

Lamellae

A
  • Rings of hard calcified matrix that surrounds the harvesian canal.
24
Q

Canaliculi

A

Microscopic canals radiating from lacunae connecting osteocytes.

24
Q

Volkmann’s canal

A
  • Horizontal channels connecting harvesian canals
25
Q

The spongy Bone

A
  • It has a sponge appearance
  • Consists of strands of bone called trabeculae.
  • Has larger haversian canal than compact bone.
  • Has fewer lamellae
26
Q

Other name of spongy bone

A

cancellous bone

26
Q

trabeculae

A

rod-strand like stucture that forms a network of the spongy bone.

26
Q

Trabeculae location

A

found at the ends of long bones in the spongy bone.

27
Q

Parts of the bone

A
  • epiphysis
  • diaphysis
  • articular cartilage
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
  • metaphysis
  • epiphyseal cartilage *
28
Q

epiphysis

A

The ends of a developing long bones

28
Q

Define osteogenesis/ ossification

A

is the process of the development of bones.

28
Q

epiphyseal cartilage

A

a structure thar separates the epiphysis and the diaphysis

29
Q

Endosteum

A

*Lines the inner surface of bones, surrounding the medullary cavity (the hollow center of most bones) where bone marrow is produced

30
Q

periosteum

A

Covers the outer surface of bones,

30
Q

function of endosteum

A

*Bone growth and repair: Osteoblasts on the endosteum surface lay down new bone tissue.
* Hematopoiesis: The endosteum provides a supportive environment for hematopoietic stem cells,
*Regulation of bone remodeling: Endosteum plays a part in regulating the ongoing process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts.

30
Q

what is a cartilage

A

a vascular tissue

31
Q

functions of periosteum

A
  • Muscle attachment
  • Protects the underlying bone
  • pain perception due to the dense nerves
  • Protects muscles from injury
  • Protects tendons
31
Q

development centers of a bone

A
  • primary ossification center
  • secondary ossification center
32
Q

how are bones used to determine the age of a person.

A
  • The duration in which the ossification centers appear is constant therefore easy to deduce the age
32
Q

secondary ossification center

A
  • Development centres that appear after the POC
32
Q

primary ossification center

A
  • The first development centre to appear in a bone
32
Q

What is the role of the periosteum in intramembranous ossification?

A
  • The outer layer composed of dense connective tissue, provides a physical extracellular matrix that stabilizes and supports the developing bone during intramembranous ossification.
  • Nutrient and Blood Supply: contains blood vessels that supply nutrients and oxygen to the developing bone tissue.
33
Q

Which bones in the body are primarily formed through intramembranous ossification?

A
  • Clavicles
  • Cranial bones
  • facial bones
33
Q

How do osteoblasts contribute to the formation of bone during the intramembranous process?

A
  • mesenchymal cells in the developing embryo differentiate into osteoblasts responsible for bone formation.
  • Osteoblasts secrets nutrient minerals like collagen type 1 which provides structural framework for the bone.
  • modified to osteocytes which maintain the mineral concentration of the bone matrix
34
Q

What is the primary tissue type involved in intramembranous ossification?

A

mesenchyme

35
Q

What artery supplies blood to the diaphysis

A

Nutrient artery

35
Q

Artery supplying the epiphysis

A

Epiphyseal arteries

36
Q

stages in the process of fracture healing

A
  1. Hematoma formation
  2. Formation of granulation tissue
  3. Callus formation
  4. Remodeling of bone
36
Q

Formation of granulation tissue

A
  • New blood cells grow into the clot
  • Soft callus and fibro cartilage forms at the fracture site
36
Q

Haematoma formation

A
  • Blood vessels are broken at the site of fracture
  • blood clotting
36
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • shoulder girdle
  • upper limb
  • pelvic girdle
  • Lower limb
37
Q

Divisions of the skeleton

A
  1. Axial skeleton
  2. Appendicular skeleton
37
Q

Remodeling

A
  • Osteoclasts dissolve small bone fragments.
  • Osteoblasts connect the gap between the broken ends.
37
Q

Callus formation

A
  • Minerals are deposited which harden the soft callus
  • soft callus converted to hard callus of spongy bone. 4-6 weeks
37
Q

Shoulder girdle

A
  • 1 clavicle (right and left)
  • 1 scapula
37
Q

Pelvic girdle

A
  • 2 innominate bones
  • sacrum
37
Q

Upper limb

A
  • 1 humerus
  • 1 radius
  • 1 ulna
  • 8 carpal bones
  • 5 metacarpal bones
  • 14 phalanges
38
Q

Borders of the humerus

A
  • Medial border; from medial supracondylar ridge to medial tip of bicipital groove
  • Lateral border; From lateral supracondylar ridge and fades out as it goes upwards
  • Anterior border; starts at the upper end of the shaft downwards
38
Q

Lower limb( each side)

A
  • 1 femur
  • 1 tibia
  • 1 fibula
  • 1patella
  • 7 tarsal bones
  • 5 metartasal bones
  • 14 phalanges
39
Q

Surfaces of the humerus

A

i. Posterior surface
- Lies between the lateral and medial borders
ii. Anterolateral surface
- Lies between the anterior and lateral borders and has the
deltoid tuberosity in its upper half
iii. Anteromedial surface
- Lies between the anterior and medial borders

40
Q

Surfaces of the radius

A

Medial surface
Anterior surface
Lateral surface
Inferior surface

41
Q

Borders of the radius

A

1.The medial/ interosseous border
2. The posterior border
3. The anterior border

42
Q

Borders of the ulnar

A

1.The lateral/ interosseous border
2. The anterior border
3. The posterior border

43
Q

Surfaces of the ulnar

A

1.Anterior surface
2.medial surface
3. Posterior surface

44
Q

Rows of carpal bones

A
  1. Proximal row
  2. Distal row
45
Q

Development of bones and their sources

A
  • flat bones develop from membranes
  • Sesamoid bones develop from tendon models
  • Short e
    Irregular and long bones develop in the fetus from cartilage models

Anatomy For Radiographers 1 (14 decks)

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