Oral Anatomy 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Blood
A
- A fluid connective tissue
- The substance which form transport system of the body.
- PH 7.4
2
Q
Function of blood
A
- Transport - Oxygen and carbon dioxide, Nutrients to the tissue, waste to excretory organ, hormones from endocrine glands to their target gland/ tissue.
- Maintain body temperature
- Forms the clotting mechanism
- Help immunity - transporting antibodies to the area of infection.
3
Q
Blood Volume
A
- Average human being 5.6Litres blood
- 8% of total body weight
- 1 Litre in the arterial system
- 1 litre in the capillary system
- 3 litres in venous system
4
Q
Blood composition
A
- 55% Plasma
- 45% Cells ( 41% Red blood cells , 4% white blood cells)
5
Q
Plasma
A
- Straw coloured fluid
- 90-93% water
- Rest - Plasma protein, Clotting factors, Mineral salts, Nutrients, waste products, Hormones, Antibodies, Gases
6
Q
Plasma function
A
- Salt and proteins imported in maintaining balance of water in tissues and in blood - in balance results in oedema
- Caries nutrients from alimentary canal to body tissues
- Carries waste eg. Uric acid to kidneys and CO2 to lungs for excretion
- Carries antibodies e.g immunoglobulins involved in immune response
7
Q
Blood cells
A
- Erythrocytes- Red blood cells
- Leucocytes - White blood cells
- Thrombocytes - Platelets
8
Q
1- Erythrocytes
A
- Biconcave , circular
- Non - Nucleated
- Developed in 9days
- life span 120. Days
- 7 microns in diameter , 2 micron in diameter
- Formed in red bone marrow
- Contain Haemoglobin - involved in transportation of oxygen around body .
9
Q
Leucocytes
A
- Larger than erythrocytes
- In fewer number
- Nucleated
10
Q
Types of Leucocytes
A
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
11
Q
1- Granulocytes
A
3 Types : Neutrophils, Eosiniphils, Basophils
- Granule in cytoplasm
- 75% of white cell count
- 1-2 day life span
- 12-15 microns in diameter
- Development 2 weeks
12
Q
1a - Neutrophils
A
- 70% white cells
- 4-5 lobed nucleus in N or S shape
- Phagocytose bacteria
- Attracted to area of infection by chemotaxis
- Lysosome granules degrade ingested material
13
Q
1b- Eosinophils
A
- 4% white cell count
- Bi- lobed nucleus
- Neutralise histamine released in allergic reactions
- Histamine cause vasodilation and increase permeablity vessels
14
Q
1c-Basophils
A
- 1% white blood cells
- Kidney shaped bi- lobed nucleus
- Called mast cells when in tissue
- Contain histamines and heparin granules
- Promotes entry of blood into inflamed tissue - allows movement of antibodies and phagocytes.
15
Q
2-A Granulocytes
A
- No granules in cytoplasm
- 25% white cell count
- Life span 2-3 days
- 2 types Lymphocytes and monocytes
16
Q
2a- Lymphocytes
A
- 23% white cell count
- 8-12 microns in diameter
- Large nucleus
- Formed in bone marrow - Transported by blood to lymphoid tissue to be activated to respond to antigens.
- Effector cells destroy specific antigens.
- Memory cells remain in lymphoid tissues to pass on capabilities to subsequent generations (immunity )
17
Q
2b- Agranulocytes - Monocytes
A
- 2% of white cell count
- Large monoculear cells
- 18 microns in diameter
- Circulated in blood stream for two days then migrate into tissues to become macrophages
- Phagocytes bacteria , cellular debris , cancer cells and dead and dying cells .
18
Q
2c- Thrombocytes
A
- 2-4 microns in diameter
- 8-11 day life span
- Originates in red bone marrow
- Non- Nucleated
- Granules in cytoplasm
- Involved in haemostasis and coagulation
19
Q
Immunology
A
- The defence system of body
- Two lines of defence - Natural immunity and Acquired immunity
20
Q
A- Natural immunity
A
- First line of defence
- Non specific
- No memory
- Acts in same way at each exposure
E.g Skin, tears, cough reflex, Saliva, Stomach acid
21
Q
B- Acquired immunity
A
- Second line of defence
- Highly specific
- Has memory
- Capable to defence in repeated exposure
- Two system : Cell mediated and Humoral immune system
- Work together in balance to mount an appropriate response to challenge.
22
Q
Cell mediated immunity
A
- T- lymphocytes by thymus glands
- released into circulation.
- Respond to specific antigen no matter what encounter
- Antigen must be presented to the T- Lymphocyte by antigen presenting cell. Like Macrophage - Phagocytoses antigen and displays fragment of it own cell membrane.
- When contact is made produce 3 cells
- Memory cell- created to respond to future contact with same antigen
- Cytotoxic cells- attach to target cell and produce toxin to destroy it
- Helper cells - Work with B- lymphocytes to produce anitbodies can not be produced without simulation from T- cells
- Produce cytokines - Support cytotoxis cells
23
Q
Humoral Immunity
A
-B - lymphocytes processed in bone marrow
- Exist fixed in lymphoid tissues
- Produce proteins called Antibodies which bind to and destroy target specific antigens
- Antigen do not need to be presented
- Once antigen detected , Help comes T- Lymphocyte, B- Lymphocyte enlarges and divide into 2 : Plasma cells - secrets antibodies into blood . Memory cells- Cell remain in the body to respond in future encounter with same antigen
-
24
Q
Antibodies
A
- Bind to antigens- Label them for destruction by other cells
- Neutralise bacterial toxins
- Activate complement - system of protein aids immunity , increases chemotaxis/ phagocytosis.
25
Q
Immunisation
A
- Memory cells form basis of immunisation
- Vaccine (antigen) given to induce small immune response
- Body then recognise antigen and produce antibodies to fight it.
- Booster given as antibody levels fall unless antigen encountered again.
- Presence of memory cells rapidly induces greater secondary response
26
Q
Oral cavity
A
-Saliva
- Mucosa
- Crevicular fluid
27
Q
Oral Cavity Immune response
A
- Salivary ImmnogolinA (IgA) presented attached to bacteria to oral mucosa
- If antigen penetrates mucosa , Phagocytoses by macrophages in sub- mucosa, these stimulate T- helper cells to initiate immune response.
- Neutrophils - Migrate from blood vessels into gingival crevice and on into mouth.
- Increases in presence of Perio
