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biology > ecosystems test > Flashcards

ecosystems test Flashcards

1
Q

what is symbiosis

A

relationships between organisms

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2
Q

what is commensalism

A

where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted

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3
Q

what is mutualism

A

when both organisms benefit

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4
Q

what is parasitism

A

when one organism benefits and the other is harmed

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5
Q

how do ecologists study populations?

A

by examining their geographic range, growth rate, density and distribution, and age structure

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6
Q

what factors affect population growth

A

birth rate, death rate, and migration

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7
Q

what happens during exponential growth?

A

the larger the population gets, the faster it grows

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8
Q

what happens during logistic growth?

A

The population begins growing exponentially, it slows down, and then the rate of pop. growth reaches 0

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9
Q

_________ demonstrates how genetics and evolution influence each other

A

population genetics

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10
Q

How many factors change allele frequency within a population?

A

5

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11
Q

How does sexual selection change the population

A

Sexual selection changes the population because the traits that attract the most mates are going to show up more often in the Gene pool

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12
Q

Changes in allele frequency due to random chance is…

A

genetic drift

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13
Q

Changes in allele frequency due to mixing with new genetically different populations

A

Gene flow

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14
Q

What principle states that under the right circumstances Mendelian genetics works at the scale of a whole population

A

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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15
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium requires..

A

No natural selection, no sexual selection, gigantic population size, no mutations, no gene flow

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16
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg equation?

A

p^2+2pq+q^2 (q= freq. of recessive allele, p = freq. of dominant allele)

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17
Q

What factors determine carrying capacity?

A

Limiting factors

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18
Q

What limiting factors depend on population density?

A

Density dependent factors like competition, stress, parasitism, disease, predation, and herbivory

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19
Q

What limiting factors do not typically depend on population density

A

Environmental extremes such as hurricanes, droughts, floods, natural disasters, and temperature

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20
Q

What is the relationship between limiting factors and extinction

A

If limiting factors causes the carrying capacity to fall low enough, populations can become extinct

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21
Q

Intrinsic growth rate is

A

whether the pop. is increasing or decreasing

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22
Q

A type 1 survivorship curve is most similar to the growth pattern of

A

K selected species

23
Q

What is a K selected species?

A

Species that live long with parental care

24
Q

What is a r selected species

A

Species that live shorter without parental care

25
Q

What are the levels of organization in ecology

A

Biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

26
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

A principle stating that no two species can occupy exactly the same niche in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time

27
Q

How do keystone species shape communities

A

If they are removed from an area, it can cause the ecosystem in that area to collapse entirely

28
Q

What is the Anthropocene

A

The period during which human activity has become the major cause of global change

29
Q

What are the steps of Ocean acidification

A

Carbon dioxide is released from fossil fuels burning, dissolves in seawater, and turns into acid

30
Q

What kinds of pollutants are drivers of global change?

A

CFCs (industrially produced gasses), smog, waste, DDT (a pesticide), PCBs (toxic chemicals causing water pollution), and heavy metals

31
Q

What is the goal of a compost bin

A

Nutrient rich organic material

32
Q

Where can carbon be found

A

Fossil fuels, living organisms, the ocean, atmosphere, rocks

33
Q

After a long long time, the carbon from the remains of dead organisms can be stored in

A

fossil fuels

34
Q

what percent of the air is nitrogen

A

78%

35
Q

nitrogen can be fixed by what in the roots of some plants and in the soil

A

bacteria

36
Q

What are the key processes of the carbon cycle?

A

Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition, fossilization, and combustion

37
Q

What are the key processes of the nitrogen cycle?

A

Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification

38
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Bacteria converts nitrogen gas into ammonium ions

39
Q

What is nitrification

A

The process of turning ammonium ions into nitrites and nitrates via nitrofying bacteria

40
Q

What is assimilation

A

The uptake of nitrate from the soil by the roots of plants

41
Q

What is ammonification

A

Decomposers turn nitrogen compounds into ammonium

42
Q

What is denitrification

A

The process of turning nitrates into nitrogen gas via denitrifying bactera

43
Q

The precipitation that hits the ground can run off when

A

The ground is saturated like a sponge or if it is hard scaped like roads

44
Q

How do plants get phosphate molecules

A

Fertilizer and soil

45
Q

How are layers of new sedimentary rock containing phosphorus formed

A

The phosphorus compounds in the water and organisms sink to the ocean floor and form the layers

46
Q

What is Eutrophication

A

a process by which too much phosphorus runs off into bodies of water

47
Q

What are the key processes of the water cycle?

A

Evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and percolation

48
Q

What is percolation?

A

When water moves through soil layers back to lakes and oceans.

49
Q

What are the key processes of the phosphorus cycle

A

Weathering, Surface runoff and fertilizer run off, decomposition, sedimentation, and uplift

50
Q

What is weathering

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of rocks

51
Q

What is sedimentation

A

Dead marine organisms get compacted by sediment forming sedimentary rocks

52
Q

What is uplift

A

A geological process that moves rocks from oceans onto the land

53
Q

How much energy is passed from one level of a food pyramid to the next?

A

10%

54
Q

Why is a food web better than a food chain at representing interactions in an ecosystem?

A

It is a combination of multiple food chains put together shows the different relationships.

biology (9 decks)

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