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ANAT 316 > Final Exam- Weeks 8-9 > Flashcards

Final Exam- Weeks 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

deoxygenated blood flow of the heart

A
  1. SVC/IVC
  2. right atrium
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. right ventricle
  5. pulmonary valve
  6. pulmonary trunk
  7. pulmonary arteries
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2
Q

oxygenated blood flow of the heart

A
  1. pulmonary veins
  2. left atrium
  3. bicuspid valve
  4. left ventricle
  5. aortic valve
  6. aorta
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3
Q

coronary circulation components

A
  1. ascending aorta
  2. left coronary artery (LCA)
  3. right coronary artery (RCA)
  4. aortic valve
  5. aortic sinus
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4
Q

systole

A

aortic valve opens
- coronary arteries blocked

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5
Q

diastole

A

aortic valve closes
- coronary perfusion occurs (passing of blood)

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6
Q

arterial coronary circulation - left

A
  1. LCA
  2. circumflex artery
  3. left anterior descending artery
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7
Q

arterial coronary circulation - right

A
  1. RCA
  2. marginal artery
  3. posterior descending artery
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8
Q

venous coronary circulation

A
  1. coronary sinus
  2. small cardiac vein
  3. middle cardiac vein
  4. great cardiac vein
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9
Q

aortic arch

A
  1. brachiocephalic trunk
  2. left common carotid artery
  3. left subclavian artery
  4. right subclavian artery
  5. right common carotid artery
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10
Q

pathway for systemic circulation

A
  1. pulmonary v
  2. left atrium
  3. bicuspid valve
  4. left ventricle
  5. aortic valve
  6. aorta
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11
Q

what arteries supply the head and neck

A

left and right common carotid arteries

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12
Q

internal carotid artery

A

supplies the brain

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13
Q

external carotid artery

A

supplies the head and neck

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14
Q

what does the internal carotid artery exit via

A

carotid canal

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15
Q

external carotid artery branches

A
  1. superior thyroid artery
  2. ascending pharyngeal artery
  3. lingual artery
  4. facial artery
  5. occipital artery
  6. posterior auricular artery
  7. maxillary artery
  8. superficial temporal artery
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16
Q

mnemonic to remember external carotid artery branches

A

S - snails
P - prefer
M - moist
O - oily
A- and
F - fluffy
L - leaves
S - sir

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17
Q

upper limb arterial supply

A
  1. subclavian artery
  2. axillary artery
  3. brachial artery
  4. ulnar artery
  5. radial artery
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18
Q

hand arterial supply

A
  1. ulnar artery (superficial palmar branch)
  2. radial artery (superficial palmar branch)
  3. superficial palmar arch
  4. digital branches
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19
Q

arterial supply of the thorax

A
  1. aortic arch
  2. subclavian artery
  3. descending (thoracic) aorta
  4. posterior intercostal arteries
  5. internal thoracic artery
  6. anterior intercostal arteries
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20
Q

venous drainage of the head and neck

A
  1. facial vein
  2. internal jugular vein
  3. external jugular vein
  4. anterior jugular vein
  5. subclavian vein
  6. brachiocephalic vein
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21
Q

venous drainage of the upper limb

A
  1. median cubital vein
  2. basilic vein
  3. cephalic vein
  4. brachial veins
  5. axillary vein
  6. subclavian vein
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22
Q

what branches off the superior vena cava

A
  1. brachiocephalic veins
  2. subclavian vein
  3. internal jugular vein
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23
Q

what does the brachiocephalic vein drain

A

upper limb and head/necks

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24
Q

what does the subclavian vein drain

A

upper limbs

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25
Q

what does the internal jugular vein drain

A

head and necks

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26
Q

venous drainage of the thorax

A
  1. aygous vein
  2. accesory hemiazygous vein
  3. posterior intercostal veins
  4. hemiazygous vein
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27
Q

unpaired branches in the abdominal aorta

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. superior mesentaric artery (SMA)
  3. inferior mesentaric artery (IMA)
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28
Q

celiac trunk branches

A
  1. left gastric artery
  2. common hepatic artery
  3. splenic artery
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29
Q

what does the left gastric artery supply

A

lesser curvature of stomach

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30
Q

what does the common hepatic artery supply

A

liver

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31
Q

what does the splenic artery supply

A

spleen

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32
Q

common hepatic artery branches

A
  1. cystic artery
  2. proper hepatic artery
  3. right gastric artery
  4. gastroduodenal artery
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33
Q

what does the cystic artery supply

A

gallbladder

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34
Q

what does the proper hepatic artery supply

A

liver

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35
Q

what does the right gastric artery supply

A

the lesser curvature of the stomach

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36
Q

branches of the gastroduodenal artery

A
  1. superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
  2. right gastro-omental artery
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37
Q

what do the superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries supply

A

pancreas and duodenum

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38
Q

what does the right gastro-omental artery supply

A

greater curvature of the stomach

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39
Q

splenic artery branches

A
  1. short gastric artery
  2. left gastro-omental artery
  3. pancreatic branches
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40
Q

what does the short gastric artery supply

A

fundus

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41
Q

what does the left gastro-omental artery supply

A

greater curvature of the stomach

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42
Q

route of blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach

A
  1. celiac trunk
  2. common hepatic artery
  3. gastroduodenal artery
  4. right gastro-omental artery
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43
Q

superior mesentaric artery branches

A
  1. middle colic artery
  2. inferior pancreaticduodenal artery
  3. right colic artery
  4. jejunal arteries
  5. ileocolic artery
  6. ileal arteries
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44
Q

what does the middle colic artery supply

A

transverse colon

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45
Q

what does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply

A

pancreas and duodenum

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46
Q

what does the right colic artery supply

A

ascending colon

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47
Q

what does the ileocolic artery supply

A

cecum

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48
Q

what does the ileul artery supply

A

ilium

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49
Q

what do the ilial and jejunal arteries branch into

A

arterial arcades - give off the vasa recta

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50
Q

which arteries form an anastomosis between the celiac trunk and SMA

A

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

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51
Q

inferior mesentaric artery branches

A
  1. left colic artery
  2. sigmoid arteries
  3. superior rectal artery
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52
Q

what does the left colic artery supply

A

descending colon

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53
Q

what does the sigmoid arteries supply

A

sigmoid colon

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54
Q

what does the superior rectal artery supply

A

rectum

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55
Q

paired branches

A
  1. right renal artery
  2. left renal artery
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56
Q

right vs left renal artery supply

A

right renal artery - right kidney
left renal artery - left kidney

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57
Q

pelvic blood supply

A
  1. abdominal aorta
  2. common iliac arteries
  3. external iliac artery
  4. internal iliac artery
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58
Q

what does the external iliac artery supply

A

lower limb

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59
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply

A

pelvis

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60
Q

branches of the internal iliac artery

A
  1. posterior division - pelvic muscles
  2. anterior division - pelvic viscera
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61
Q

arterial supply of the lower limb

A
  1. abdominal aorta
  2. common iliac artery
  3. external iliac artery
  4. popliteal artery
  5. femoral artery
  6. deep femoral artery
  7. superior genicular arteries
  8. inferior genicular arteries
  9. anterior tibial artery
  10. posterior tibial artery
  11. fibular artery
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62
Q

venous drainage of the abdomen

A
  1. superior mesenteric vein
  2. inferior mesenteric vein
  3. splenic vein
  4. portal vein
  5. hepatic veins (3)
  6. IVC
  7. left and right renal veins
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63
Q

what does the portal vein drain

A

GI tract

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64
Q

what does the superior mesenteric veins drain

A

small intestine

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65
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric veins drain

A

large intestine

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66
Q

pelvic venous drainage

A
  1. external iliac vein
  2. internal iliac vein
  3. common iliac vein
  4. IVC
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67
Q

lower limb venous drainage

A
  1. anterior tibial veins
  2. posterior tibial veins
  3. popliteal vein
  4. great saphenous vein
  5. femoral vein
  6. external iliac vein
  7. up pelvis
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68
Q

which renal vein travels anterior to the aorta

A

left renal vein

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69
Q

anterolateral abdominal wall

A
  1. external obliques
  2. internal obliques
  3. transversus abdominis
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70
Q

anterior abdominal wall

A
  1. rectus abdominis
  2. rectus sheath
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71
Q

external oblique

A
  1. most superficial
  2. hand in pock’E’ts
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72
Q

ORIGIN of external oblique

A

ribs 5-12

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73
Q

INSERTION of external oblique

A
  1. iliac crest
  2. pubis
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74
Q

ACTION of external oblique

A

Bilateral: flexion of trunk
Unilateral: contralateral rotation of trunk (rotating towards opp sides - bicycle crunch

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75
Q

internal oblique

A
  1. middle layer
  2. hands in armp’I’ts
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76
Q

ORIGIN of internal oblique

A
  1. inguinal ligament
  2. iliac crest
  3. lumbodorsal fascia
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77
Q

INSERTION of internal oblique

A

ribs 10-12

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78
Q

ACTION of internal oblique

A

Bilateral: abdominal compression
Unilateral: ipsilateral rotation (same side rotation)

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79
Q

transversus abdominis

A
  1. deepest layer
  2. straight across fibres
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80
Q

ORIGIN of transversus abdominis

A
  1. costal margin
  2. iliac crest
  3. inguinal ligament
  4. thoracolumbar fascia
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81
Q

INSERTION of transversus abdominis

A
  1. linea alba
  2. xiphoid process
  3. pubis symphysis
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82
Q

ACTION of transversus abdominis

A

rotation and flexion of the trunk

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83
Q

ORIGIN of rectus abdominis

A

pubic bone

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84
Q

INSERTION of rectus abdominis

A
  1. xiphoid process
  2. ribs 5-7
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85
Q

ACTION of rectus abdominis

A
  1. trunk flexion
  2. aides in pelvic stability
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86
Q

rectus sheath

A

surrounds rectus abdominis anteriorly and posteriorly

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87
Q

what forms the rectus sheath

A
  1. external oblique aponeurosis
  2. internal oblique aponeurosis
  3. transversus abdominis aponeurosis
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88
Q

arcuate line

A

between umbilicus and pubis
- separates layers of the rectus sheath

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89
Q

anterior rectus sheath

A
  1. external oblique aponeurosis
  2. 1/2 internal oblique aponeurosis
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90
Q

posterior rectus sheath

A
  1. 1/2 internal oblique aponeurosis
  2. transversus abdominis aponeurosis
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91
Q

transversalis fascia

A

deep to the rectus sheath
- in direct contact with rectus abdominis
***posterior

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92
Q

above the arcuate line

A
  1. anterior rectus sheath
  2. posterior rectus sheath
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93
Q

below the arcuate line

A
  1. anterior rectus sheath
  2. transversalis fascia
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94
Q

superficial to deep around the rectus abdominis muscle at the level of the umbilicus

A
  1. external oblique aponeurosis
  2. internal oblique aponeurosis
  3. rectus abdominis
  4. internal oblique aponeurosis
  5. transversus abdominis
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95
Q

anterior abdominal wall muscles

A
  1. EO
  2. IO
  3. tranversus abdominis
  4. inguinal ligament
  5. linea alba
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96
Q

posterior abdominal wall muscles

A
  1. psoas minor
  2. psoas major
  3. quadratus lumborum
  4. illiacus
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97
Q

ORIGIN of illiacus

A

iliac fossa

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98
Q

INSERTION of illiacus

A

lesser trochanter

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99
Q

ACTION of illiacus

A

flexion and external rotation of the hip

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100
Q

ORIGIN of psoas major

A

transverse processes T12-L5

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101
Q

INSERTION of psoas major

A

lesser trochanter

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102
Q

ACTION of psoas major

A

flexion of hip

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103
Q

ORIGIN of psoas minor

A

lateral aspect of T12 and L1

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104
Q

INSERTION of psoas minor

A

iliopectineal line

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105
Q

ACTION of psoas minor

A

assists in trunk flexion

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106
Q

ORIGIN of quadratus lumborum

A

iliac crest

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107
Q

INSERTION of quadratus lumborum

A
  1. transverse processes of L1-L5
  2. rib 12
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108
Q

ACTION of quadratus lumborum

A

Bilateral: trunk extension
Unilateral: lateral trunk flexion

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109
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

in lumbar region

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110
Q

inguinal region

A

left and right hypogastric regions

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111
Q

key structures of the inguinal region

A
  1. inguinal ligament
  2. inguinal canal
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112
Q

inguinal ligament bony attachements

A

ASIS attaches to pubis

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113
Q

functions of the inguinal ligament

A
  1. anchors abdominal muscles
  2. supports soft tissues of the groin
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114
Q

location of the inguinal canal

A
  1. lower anterior abdominal wall (4cm)
  2. extends from deep inguiinal ring to the superficial inguinal ring for termination
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115
Q

superficial inguinal ring

A

opening in external oblique aponeurosis
- inferior termination point

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116
Q

deep inguinal ring

A

evagination in transversalis fascia

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117
Q

borders of the inguinal canal

A

anterior wall: EO aponeurosis
posterior wall: transversalis fascia
inferior (floor): inguinal ligament
superior (roof): fibres of transversus abdominis and IO

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118
Q

contents of the inguinal canal in males

A
  1. spermatic cord
  2. gonadal vessels (testicular artery and vein)
  3. ilioinguinal nerve
  4. lymphatics
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119
Q

contents of the inguinal canal in females

A
  1. round ligament of the uterus
  2. ilioinguinal nerve
  3. lymphatics
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120
Q

sensory innervation of the abdomen

A

dermatomes

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121
Q

motor innervation of the abdomen

A
  1. thoracoabdominal nerves
  2. subcostal nerve
  3. lumbar plexus
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122
Q

dermatomes

A
  1. cutaneous innervation
  2. arranged in inferiorly sloping parallel rows around the abdomen
  3. T10 (umbilical) and L1 (inguinal)
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123
Q

thoracoabdominal nerve innervation

A

T7-T11

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124
Q

subcostal nerve innervation

A

T12

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125
Q

lumbar plexus innervation

A

L1
- iliohypogastric nerve
- ilioinguional nerve

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126
Q

location of the lumbar plexus

A
  1. posterior abdominal wall
  2. lumbar spinal nerves L1-L4
  3. innervation mainly to lower limb
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127
Q

iliohypogastric nerve

A

L1

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128
Q

ilioinguinal nerve

A

L1

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129
Q

genitofemoral nerve

A

L1,L2

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130
Q

lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

A

L2, L3

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131
Q

femoral nerve

A

L2, L3, L4

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132
Q

obturator nerve

A

L2, L3, L4

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133
Q

lumbosacral trunk

A

L4, L5

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134
Q

lymphatic drainage - superficial

A

drains cutaneous and subcutaneous structures

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135
Q

lymph drainage above the umbilicus

A

axillary nodes

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136
Q

lymph drainage below the umbilicus

A

superficial inguinal nodes

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137
Q

lymphatic drainage - deep

A
  1. superficial inguinal nodes
  2. deep inguinal nodes
  3. common iliac nodes
  4. lumbar nodes
  5. into cisterna chyli
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138
Q

lymphatic drainage - return to venous circulation - left abdomen below umbilicus

A
  1. cisterna chyli (drains into thoracic duct)
  2. axillary nodes (left)
  3. thoracic duct
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139
Q

lymphatic drainage - return to venous circulation - right abdomen above the umbilicus

A
  1. axillary nodes (right)
  2. right lymphatic duct
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140
Q

muscles of facial expression

A
  1. superficial (subcutaneous) muscles
  2. origins - facial bones of adjacent
  3. insertions - skin
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141
Q

functions of the muscles of facial expression

A
  1. sphincters/dilators
  2. facial expression alteration
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142
Q

frontalis

A

epicranial group (occipitofrontalis)

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143
Q

action of frontalis

A

draws scalp back and raises eyebrows

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144
Q

innervation of frontalis

A

CN VII (temporal branch)

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145
Q

blood supply to frontalis

A

internal and external carotid artery

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146
Q

venous drainage of frontalis

A

ophthalmic vein

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146
Q

corrugator supercilii

A

orbital group

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147
Q

action of corrugator supercilii

A

draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly

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147
Q

innervation to corrugator supercilii

A

CN VII (temporal)

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148
Q

blood supply to corrugator supercilii

A

ophthalmic artery

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149
Q

venous drainage of corrugator supercilii

A

superior ophthalmic vein

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150
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

orbital group
1. orbital part
2. palpebral part
3. lacrimal part

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151
Q

actions of orbicularis oculi

A
  1. wink (tightly close eye)
  2. blink (loosely close eye)
  3. compress lacrimal sac (release tears)
152
Q

innervation of orbicularis oculi

A

CN VII (temporal and zygomatic)

153
Q

blood supply to orbicularis oculi

A
  1. facial artery
  2. superficial temporal artery
  3. ophthalmic artery
154
Q

venous drainage to orbicularis oculi

A

facial vein

155
Q

orbicularis oris

A

oral group

156
Q

action of orbicularis oris

A

purses and protrudes the lips

157
Q

innervation of orbicularis oris

A

CN VII (buccal and mandibular)

158
Q

blood supply of orbicularis oris

A

facial artery

159
Q

venous drainage of orbicularis oris

A

facial vein

160
Q

buccinator

A

oral group

161
Q

action of buccinator

A

pulls cheeks inward

162
Q

innervation of buccinator

A

CN VII (buccal)

163
Q

blood supply of buccinator

A

buccal and facial artery

164
Q

venous drainage of buccinator

A
  1. pterygoid plexus
  2. internal maxillary vein
165
Q

zygomaticus major

A

oral group

166
Q

actions of zygomaticus major

A

superior/lateral movement of mouth corners

167
Q

innervation of zygomaticus major

A

CN VII (zygomatic and buccal)

168
Q

blood supply of zygomaticus major

A

facial artery

169
Q

venous drainage of zygomaticus major

A

facial vein

170
Q

zygomaticus minor

A

oral group
- same as major
- major holds up minor

171
Q

platysma

A

neck group

172
Q

action of platysma

A

inferior movement of mouth corners

173
Q

innervation of platysma

A

CN VII (cervical and mandibular)

174
Q

blood supply of platysma

A

facial artery

175
Q

venous drainage of platysma

A

facial vein

176
Q

muscles of mastication

A

both superficial and deep muscles

177
Q

functions of the muscles of mastication

A

movement of mandible

178
Q

4 muscles of mastication

A
  1. temporalis
  2. masseter
  3. medial pterygoid
  4. lateral pterygoid
179
Q

ORIGIN of temporalis

A

temporal bone

180
Q

INSERTION of temporalis

A

coronoid process of mandible

181
Q

ACTION of temporalis

A

elevate and retract mandible

182
Q

innervation of temporalis

A

CN V3 (deep temporal)

183
Q

blood supply of temporalis

A

maxillary artery

184
Q

venous drainage of temporalis

A

deep temporal vein

185
Q

ORIGIN of masseter

A

zygomatic arch

186
Q

INSERTION of masseter

A
  1. coronoid process
  2. ramus of mandible
187
Q

ACTION of masseter

A
  1. elevate mandible
  2. approximate teeth
188
Q

innervation of masseter

A

CN V3 (masseteric)

189
Q

blood supply of masseter

A

maxillary artery

190
Q

venous drainage of masseter

A

masseteric vein

191
Q

ORIGIN of medial pterygoid

A
  1. maxillary tuberosity
  2. lateral pterygoid plate
192
Q

INSERTION of medial pterygoid

A
  1. medial ramus
  2. angle of mandible
193
Q

ACTION of medial pterygoid

A
  1. elevation
  2. side-to-side movement of mandible
194
Q

innervation of medial pterygoid

A

CN V3 (medial pterygoid)

195
Q

blood supply of medial pterygoid

A

maxillary artery

196
Q

venous drainage of medial pterygoid

A

pterygoid plexus

197
Q

pterygoid plexus components

A
  1. maxillary vein
  2. retromandibular vein
  3. internal jugular vein
198
Q

ORIGIN of lateral pterygoid

A
  1. greater wing
  2. lateral pterygoid plate
199
Q

INSERTION of lateral pterygoid

A

condylar process of mandible

200
Q

ACTION of lateral pterygoid

A
  1. protraction
  2. side-to-side movement of mandible
201
Q

innervation of lateral pterygoid

A

CN V3 (lateral pterygoid)

202
Q

blood supply of lateral pterygoid

A

maxillary artery

203
Q

venous drainage of lateral pterygoid

A

pterygoid plexus

204
Q

major muscles of the superficial anterior neck

A
  1. platysma
  2. sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
205
Q

ORIGIN of SCM

A
  1. manubrium
  2. clavicle
206
Q

INSERTION of SCM

A

mastoid process

207
Q

ACTION of SCM

A

Unilateral: head rotation and lateral flexion
Bilateral: flexion

208
Q

innervation of SCM

A

CN XI

209
Q

blood supply of SCM

A

superior thyroid artery

210
Q

venous drainage of SCM

A

internal jugular vein

211
Q

deep anterior neck groups

A
  1. hyoid muscles
  2. scalene muscles
212
Q

suprahyoid muscles

A
  1. digastric
  2. stylohyoid
  3. mylohyoid
  4. geniohyoid
213
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A
  1. omohyoid
  2. sternohyoid
  3. thyrohyoid
  4. sternothyroid
214
Q

ORIGIN of digastric

A

inferior border of mandible

215
Q

INSERTION of digastric

A

temporal bone

216
Q

ACTION of digastric

A
  1. elevate hyoid
  2. depress mandible
217
Q

innervation of digastric

A

CN V3 (anterior) and CN VII (posterior)

218
Q

blood supply of digastric

A
  1. facial artery (anterior)
  2. occipital artery/posterior auricular artery (posterior)
219
Q

venous drainage of digastric

A

internal jugular vein

220
Q

ORIGN of stylohyoid

A

styloid process

221
Q

INSERTION of stylohyoid

A

hyoid

222
Q

ACTION of stylohyoid

A
  1. elevate/retract hyoid
  2. elevate tongue
223
Q

innervation of stylohyoid

A

CN VII

224
Q

blood supply of stylohyoid

A

occipital artery

225
Q

venous drainage of stylohyoid

A

internal jugular vein

226
Q

ORIGIN of mylohyoid

A

mylohyoid line (body of mandible)

227
Q

INSERTION of mylohyoid

A

other mylohyoid and hyoid

228
Q

ACTION of mylohyoid

A
  1. elevate hyoid
  2. support tongue
  3. depress mandible
229
Q

mylohyoid

A

oral diaphragm

230
Q

innervation of mylohyoid

A

CN V3 (inferior alveolar)

231
Q

blood supply of mylohyoid

A
  1. facial artery
  2. inferior alveolar artery
232
Q

venous drainage of mylohyoid

A

internal jugular vein

233
Q

ORIGIN of geniohyoid

A

inferior mental spine (body of mandible)

234
Q

INSERTION of geniohyoid

A

hyoid

235
Q

ACTION of geniohyoid

A

elevate/protrude hyoid

236
Q

innervation of geniohyoid

A

C1 (sheath of CN XII)

237
Q

blood supply of geniohyoid

A

lingual artery

238
Q

venous drainage of geniohyoid

A

internal jugular vein

239
Q

ORIGIN of omohyoid

A

scapula

240
Q

INSERTION of omohyoid

A

hyoid

241
Q

ACTION of omohyoid

A

depress hyoid

242
Q

innervation of omohyoid

A

ansa cervicalis (C1-3)

243
Q

blood supply of omohyoid

A

superior and inferior thyroid artery

244
Q

venous drainage of omohyoid

A

superior and inferior thyroid vein

245
Q

ansa cervicalis

A

nerve loop formed by cervical spinal nerves contributing to the innervation of the muscles in the neck

246
Q

ORIGIN of sternohyoid

A

manubrium (sternum)

247
Q

INSERTION of sternohyoid

A

hyoid

248
Q

ACTION of sternohyoid

A

depress hyoid

249
Q

innervation of sternohyoid

A

ansa cervicalis (C1-3)

250
Q

blood supply of sternohyoid

A

superior thyroid artery

251
Q

venous drainage of sternohyoid

A

superior thyroid vein

252
Q

ORIGIN of thyrohyoid

A

thyroid cartilage

253
Q

INSERTION of thyrohyoid

A

hyoid

254
Q

ACTION of thyrohyoid

A

depress hyoid

255
Q

innervation of thyrohyoid

A

C1 (sheath of CN XII)

256
Q

blood supply of thyrohyoid

A

superior thyroid artery

257
Q

venous drainage of thyrohyoid

A

superior thyroid vein

258
Q

CN XII sheath

A
  1. sheath covering the hypoglossal nerve that supplies the tongue
  2. C1/C2 supplies geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
259
Q

ORIGIN of sternothyroid

A

manubrium (sternum)

260
Q

INSERTION of sternothyroid

A

thyroid cartilage

261
Q

ACTION of sternothyroid

A
  1. depress hyoid
  2. open laryngeal inlet
262
Q

innervation of sternothyroid

A

ansa cervicalis (C1-3)

263
Q

blood supply of sternothyroid

A

superior thyroid artery

264
Q

venous drainage of sternothyroid

A

superior thyroid vein

265
Q

what muscles are not innervated by ansa cervicalis

A

thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

266
Q

scalene muscles

A

3 muscles in the deep neck

267
Q

ORIGIN/INSERTION of scalene muscles

A
  1. between ribs 1/2
  2. transverse processes of C1/C2 vertebrae
268
Q

functions of the scalene muscles

A

neck flexion and rotation

269
Q

innervation of the scalene muscles

A

C3-8

270
Q

blood supply of the scalene muscles

A

inferior thyroid artery

271
Q

venous drainage of the scalene muscles

A

inferior thyroid vein

272
Q

suboccipital triangle muscles

A
  1. remove trapezius
  2. remove splenius capitis
  3. reflect levator scapulae
  4. reflect semispinalis capitis
273
Q

3 major muscles of the suboccipital triangle

A
  1. obliquus capitis superior
  2. rectus capitis posterior major
  3. obliquus capitis inferior
274
Q

adjacent muscle of the suboccipital triangle

A
  1. rectus capitis posterior minor
275
Q

functions of the rectus capitis posterior minor

A
  1. neck extension and rotation
  2. postural support
276
Q

vessels in the suboccipital triangle

A
  1. vertebral artery
  2. greater occipital nerve
277
Q

what muscle is the most superficial muscle of the suboccipital triangle

A

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle

278
Q

where do chemical processes begin

A

the mouth

279
Q

2 areas of the oral cavity

A
  1. oral vestibule
  2. oral cavity proper
280
Q

oral vestibule anterior border

A

lower lip and upper lip

281
Q

oral vestibule posterior border

A

teeth

282
Q

associated structures of the oral vestibule

A
  1. gingivae (gums)
  2. inferior labial frenulum
  3. superior labial frenulum
283
Q

superior and inferior labial frenulum

A

attaches the lip to the gums

284
Q

oral cavity proper superior border

A

hard and soft palate

285
Q

oral cavity proper anterior border

A

tongue (links the border)

286
Q

oral cavity proper posterior border

A
  1. palatoglossal arch
  2. palatopharyngeal arch
287
Q

associated structures of the oral cavity proper

A
  1. uvula
  2. palatine tonsils (lymphoid tissue)
  3. lingual frenulum (attaches tongue to the floor)
288
Q

organs associated with the oral cavity

A
  1. parotid gland
  2. submandibular gland
  3. sublingual gland
  4. minor glands
    ***can be mucous, serous, or sercomucous
289
Q

types of enzymes

A
  1. mucous (lubrication)
  2. serous (enzyme-containing)
  3. seromucous
290
Q

parotid gland

A
  1. anterior to ears
  2. between masseter and skin
291
Q

duct associated with the parotid gland

A

stensons duct

292
Q

stensons duct

A

opens behind second upper molar - SEROUS
- empties parotid gland

293
Q

what innervates the parotid gland

A

CN IX

294
Q

submandibular gland

A

inferior to mandible and in between the digastric muscles

295
Q

duct associated with the submandibular gland

A

whartons duct

296
Q

whartons duct

A

opens lateral to lingual frenulum - SERCOMUCOUS
- empties submandibular gland

297
Q

what innervates the submandibular gland

A

CN VII

298
Q

sublingual gland

A

floor of the oral cavity inferior to the tongue

299
Q

duct associated with the sublingual gland

A

bartholins duct

300
Q

bartholins duct

A

connects with whartons duct - MUCOUS (lubricates mouth)
***both bartholins and whartons empty lateral to sublingual gland

301
Q

what innervates the sublingual gland

A

CN VII

302
Q

2 areas of the tongue

A
  1. posterior 1/3
  2. anterior 2/3
303
Q

structures of the tongue

A
  1. sulcus terminalis
  2. epiglottis
  3. lingual tonsil
  4. foliate papillae
  5. fungiform papillae
  6. filiform papillae
  7. circumvallate papillae
304
Q

what structures of the tongue have taste buds

A
  1. foliate papillae
  2. fungiform papillae
  3. lingual tonsil (lymphoid tissue)
305
Q

what structures of the tongue don’t have taste buds

A
  1. circumvallate papillae
  2. filiform papillae (only chewing)
306
Q

general sensation innervation

A
  1. CN X (epiglottis)
  2. CN IX (posterior)
  3. CN V3 (mandibular branch - anterior)
307
Q

taste innervation

A
  1. CN X (epiglottis)
  2. CN IX (posterior)
  3. CN VII “chorda tympani” (anterior 2/3)
308
Q

anatomy of teeth

A
  1. crown
  2. neck
  3. root
309
Q

structures of the teeth

A
  1. dentin (produced by odontoblasts)
  2. periodontal ligaments
  3. apical foramen
  4. enamel (produced by ameloblasts)
  5. pulp cavity
  6. alveolar bone
310
Q

pulp cavity

A
  1. contains blood vessels and nerves
  2. give sensation - cold sensitivity
311
Q

periodontal ligaments

A

attaches teeth to the maxilla

312
Q

apical foramen

A

nerves and vessels pass through that supply the teeth

313
Q

4 types of teeth

A
  1. molar (grinding & slicing food)
  2. premolar (grinding & slicing food)
  3. canine (shredding food)
  4. incisor (slicing food)
314
Q

deciduous teeth (baby teeth)

A

4 quadrants with 3 structures
1. 2 incisors
2. 1 canine
3. 2 molars
- per quadrant

315
Q

permanent teeth (adult teeth)

A

4 quadrants with 4 structures
1. 2 incisors
2. 1 canine
3. 2 premolars
4. 3 molars

316
Q

why do we gain pre molars and another molar with permanent teeth

A

because our diet changes so we need teeth to better chew

317
Q

why do we need teeth?

A
  1. increases digestive SA for mechanical digestion
  2. work in conjunction with saliva to begin the process of digestion in the mouth
318
Q

esophagus

A
  1. runs along vertebral column posterior to trachea and aorta
  2. enters abdomen at T10 through the esophageal hiatus
  3. joints the stomach at the cardiac orifice
  4. continuation of the oropharynx
  5. has 2 sphincters
319
Q

esophageal muscles

A

work with the pharyngeal constrictors to push food towards the stomach

320
Q

superior portion of the esophagus

A

voluntary control

321
Q

inferior portion of the esophagus

A

autonomic control

322
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

closes to lock food in the esophagus

323
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

closes to lock food in the stomach

324
Q

sphincter

A

prevents reflux of food or bolus from going where it shouldn’t

325
Q

3 stages of swallowing

A
  1. oral
  2. pharyngeal
  3. esophageal
326
Q

oral phase (1)

A
  1. food is broken down mechanically and chemically
  2. bolus is moved posteriorly until is reaches the oropharynx
  3. complete when bolus reaches the oropharynx
    *** VOLUNTARY
327
Q

pharyngeal phase (2)

A
  1. soft palate and epiglottis close and breathing stops (closes off nasopharynx)
  2. pharyngeal constrictors move bolus inferiorly until it reaches the upper esophageal sphincter
  3. complete when bolus reaches the UES
    *** INVOLUNTARY
328
Q

esophageal phase (3)

A
  1. bolus passes through upper esophageal sphincter
  2. peristalsis
  3. bolus passes through lower esophageal sphincter into stomach
  4. complete when LES closes
329
Q

peritoneum

A
  1. serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and covers many organs
  2. forms a sac that encloses the peritoneal cavity
330
Q

mesentary

A

double fold that connects parietal and visceral peritoneum
- arteries & veins of GI tract are in here

331
Q

2 types of peritoneum

A
  1. parietal = “of walls”
  2. visceral = “of organs”
332
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

outer ring of the abdominal cavity
lines:
1. inferior surface of diaphragm
2. abdominal & pelvic walls
3. roof over pelvic viscera

333
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers the organs (liver, stomach, GI tract)

334
Q

peritoneal cavity - greater sac

A

extends from the diaphragm down to the pelvis
- separated by the greater curvature

335
Q

peritoneal cavity - lesser sac

A
  1. behind the stomach
  2. found in between layers of the greater omentum
336
Q

where can the lesser sac extend

A
  1. upward to the diaphragm
  2. downward between the layers of the greater omentum
  3. left to the spleen
  4. right to the epiploic foramen of Winslow
337
Q

epiploic foramen of Winslow

A

only natural communication between the greater sac and lesser sac
- on lesser omentum, behind stomach

338
Q

borders on the epiploic foramen of Winslow

A
  1. anterior: free border of lesser omentum (gastrohepatic lig)
  2. posterior: IVC
  3. superior: liver (caudate lobe)
  4. inferior: 1st part of duodenum
339
Q

intraperitoneal (visceral)

A

HANGING in ab cavity via mesentary
1. completely covered by peritoneum
2. liver, stomach, spleen, jejunum, ileum

340
Q

retroperitoneal (parietal)

A

BEHIND parietal paritoneum on posterior ab wall
1. anterior surface covered
2. SAD PUCKER

341
Q

SAD PUCKER

A

S: suprarenal/adrenal glands
A: abdominal aorta & IVC
D: duodenum (parts 2-4)
P: pancreas
U: ureters
C: colon (ascending & descending)
K: kidneys
E: esophagus
R: rectum (proximal 1/3)

342
Q

double peritoneal folds

A
  1. mesentery
  2. lesser omentum
  3. greater omentum
  4. ligaments
343
Q

innervation of parietal peritoneum (retro-)

A
  1. segment nerves: overlying skin & muscles (T6-L1)
  2. phrenic nerves
  3. pain is WELL LOCALIZED
344
Q

innervation of visceral peritoneum (intra-)

A
  1. visceral afferents (secondary nerves)
  2. pain is POORLY LOCALIZED (since visceral afferents are not direct)
345
Q

gut tube

A
  1. foregut (celiac trunk)
  2. midgut (SMA)
  3. hindgut (IMA)
    ***need to all work together
346
Q

foregut

A
  1. runs from abdominal esophagus to proximal 1/2 of duodenum
  2. esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, proximal duodenum
  3. DIGESTION begins
347
Q

midgut

A
  1. runs from distal 1/2 duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
  2. distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon
  3. ABSORPTION begins & DIGESTION ends
348
Q

hindgut

A
  1. runs from distal 1/3 of transverse colon to proximal anal canal
  2. distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, upper anal canal
  3. REMOVAL begins
349
Q

foregut - structures

A
  1. esophagus
  2. stomach
  3. liver
  4. gallbladder
  5. bile ducts
  6. pancreas
  7. proximal duodenum
350
Q

foregut - celiac trunk branching

A
  1. celiac axis
  2. common hepatic a. (supplies liver)
  3. left gastric a. (supplies lesser curvature
  4. splenic a. (looks like a pig tail)
351
Q

midgut - SMA structures

A
  1. inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
  2. jejunal aa. (feed jejunum - middle SI)
  3. ileal aa. (feed ileum - inferior SA)
  4. distal duodenum
  5. jejunum
  6. ileum
  7. cecum
  8. appendix
  9. ascending colon
  10. proximal 2/3 transverse colon
352
Q

midgut - SMA branching

A
  1. middle colic a. (superior transverse colon)
  2. right colic a. (ascending colon)
  3. ileocolic a.
353
Q

hindgut -structures

A
  1. distal 1/3 transverse colon
  2. descending colon
  3. sigmoid colon
  4. upper anal canal
354
Q

hindgut - IMA branching

A
  1. left colic a.
  2. sigmoidal a. (supplies sigmoid colon)
  3. superior rectal a. (supplies rectum)
355
Q

abdominal esophagus - foregut

A
  1. mechanical digestion & transfer of bolus to stomach
  2. passing through diaphragm @
    - esophageal hiatus (T10)
    - lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
356
Q

blood supply of the abdominal esophagus - foregut

A

esophageal branch of the left gastric artery

357
Q

acronym for remembering abdominal esophagus

A

I 8 (ate) 10 Eggs At 12
I= IVC
E= esophagus
A= abdominal aorta

358
Q

cardia of stomach

A

opening into stomach via esophageal sphincter

359
Q

rugae of stomach

A
  1. allows contraction & expansion of stomach
  2. allows secretion of gastric juices due to increased SA
360
Q

blood supply to the greater curvature

A

right and left gastro-omental arteries
- gastroduodenal artery (branch off the hepatic artery)

361
Q

blood supply to the lesser curvature

A

right and left gastric arteries

362
Q

blood supply to the fundus

A

celiac trunk>splenic a.>short gastric a.

363
Q

small intestine

A
  1. breaking down proteins, lipids, carbs and absorption
  2. specialization of surface area for more absorption
  3. runs from pyloric orifice to ileocecal junction
364
Q

duodenum

A
  1. 20-25 cm
  2. 1st part of the small intestine
  3. c-shaped (so pancreas fits)
  4. mostly retroperitoneal
365
Q

superior (1st) part of duodenum

A
  1. intraperitoneal (hanging)
  2. anterior to IVC
  3. equal to celiac trunk
  4. contains duodenal cap
366
Q

descending (2nd) part of duodenum

A
  1. retroperitoneal
  2. contains minor papilla & major papilla
367
Q

inferior/horizontal (3rd) part of duodenum

A
  1. retroperitoneal
  2. inferior to SMA
368
Q

ascending (4th) part of duodenum

A
  1. retroperitoneal
  2. contains duodenojejunal flexure and suspensory lig
369
Q

minor papilla and major papilla

A

where bile and gastric juices enter from pancreas, gallbladder and liver
- drain into hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater

370
Q

suspensory ligament of the duodenum

A

helps hang the duodenal flexure

371
Q

4 parts of duodenum

A

1st & 2nd part>foregut (proximal duo.)>anterior & posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal aa.

3rd & 4th part>midgut (distal duo.)>anterior & inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.

372
Q

posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. + anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.

A

comes directly off the SMA

373
Q

jejunum

A
  1. left upper quadrant of abdomen
  2. begins at the duodenojejunal flexure
374
Q

ileum

A
  1. right lower quadrant of abdomen
  2. ends at the ileocecal junction
375
Q

blood supply of jejunum

A

superior mesenteric a.>jejunal aa.>arterial arcades>vasa recta

376
Q

blood supply of ileum

A

SMA>ileal aa.>arterial arcades>vasa recta

377
Q

arcades and vasa recta of jejunum

A

arcades: bigger
vasa recta: longer and less

378
Q

arcades and vasa recta of ileum

A

arcades: smaller
vasa recta: shorter and more

379
Q
A

ANAT 316 (4 decks)

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