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anat 316 > Final Exam- Weeks 10-11 > Flashcards

Final Exam- Weeks 10-11 Flashcards

1
Q

cecum

A
  1. blind-ended pouch
  2. covered in peritoneum, but not mesentery
  3. contains ileocecal (ileocolic) valve (1-way)
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2
Q

vermiform appendix

A
  1. 8-10 cm long
  2. aggregations of lymphoid tissue
  3. no longer necessary - more trouble than functional
  4. suspended by mesoappendix (houses arteries/veins)
    variable positions: retrocecal, retrocolic, pelvic
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3
Q

McBurneys Point of the vermiform appendix

A

point on anterior ab wall that is the lateral 1/3 of the distance from the ASIS to umbilicus
1. dull pain - doctors visit
2. sharp pain - emergency

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4
Q

4 parts of the colon

A
  1. ascending - right upper
  2. transverse
  3. descending - left upper
  4. sigmoid (pelvic)
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5
Q

structures of colon

A
  1. left colic flexure (splenic)
  2. right colic flexure (hepatic)
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6
Q

features of colon

A
  1. teniae coli
  2. haustra
  3. epiploic appendages
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7
Q

muscular components of the colon

A
  1. taeniae coli
  2. haustra
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8
Q

taeniae coli

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that run along the outer layer of the entire colon

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9
Q

haustra

A
  1. series of pouches in the wall of colon
  2. created by muscle tone in taeniae coli
  3. permit expansion and elongation of colon
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10
Q

peritoneal coverings of the colon - mesocolon

A
  1. complete covering
  2. partial covering
  3. mesoappendix
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11
Q

complete covering

A

transverse & sigmoid mesocolons (intraperitoneal)

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12
Q

partial covering

A

ascending, descending & rectal mesocolons (retroperitoneal)

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13
Q

mesoappendix

A

connects appendix to ileum & cecum

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14
Q

what feature does the cecum not contain?

A

mesenteric attachment

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15
Q

where does the midgut transfer to the hindgut

A

distal 1/3 of the transverse colon

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16
Q

large intestine blood supply (SMA)

A

SMA
- ileocolic
- right colic
- middle colic
***MRI

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17
Q

large intestine blood supply (IMA)

A

IMA
- left colic
- sigmoidal
- superior rectal (hemorrhoidal)
I Love Singing Songs

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18
Q

large intestine blood supply (marginal artery of drummond)

A

anastomoses between right, middle, and left colic arteries
- key for collateral circulation of alternative supply

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19
Q

parts of pancreas

A
  1. tail
  2. body
  3. neck
  4. head
  5. uncinate process
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20
Q

large intestine venous drainage - splenic vein

A
  1. hilum of spleen
  2. posterior to tail and body of pancreas
  3. join superior mesenteric vein
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21
Q

what does the splenic vein drain

A
  1. spleen
  2. lower esophagus
  3. part of stomach
  4. pancreas
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22
Q

large intestine venous drainage - superior mesenteric vein

A
  1. ascends in root of mesentery
  2. pass anterior to 3rd part of duodenum (transverse)
  3. joins splenic vein posterior to neck of pancreas
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23
Q

what does the superior mesenteric vein drain

A

areas supplied by the SMA
1. iliocecum
2. left colic
3. middle colic

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24
Q

large intestine venous drainage - inferior mesenteric vein

A
  1. ascends on left posterior ab wall
  2. join splenic vein posterior to pancreas
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25
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric vein drain

A

areas supplied by the IMA
1. left colic
2. sigmoidal
3. superior rectal

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26
Q

hepatic portal vein

A
  1. created by splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein uniting
  2. carries nutrients from digestive tract to liver
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27
Q

portosystemic obstruction

A

result of obstructed venous return to liver

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28
Q

accessory digestive organs

A
  1. liver
  2. gallbladder
  3. pancreas
  4. salivary glands
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29
Q

function of the accessory digestive organs

A

produce, store, and secrete digestive enzymes and buffers

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30
Q

liver

A

largest visceral organ

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31
Q

metabolic function of the liver

A

hepatocytes regulate circulating levels of nutrients; remove metabolic wastes and toxins

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32
Q

hematological function of the liver

A
  1. acts a blood reservoir
  2. filters circulating debris
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33
Q

digestive function of the liver

A

synthesizes and secretes bile

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34
Q

“hepato”

A

related to liver

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35
Q

location of the liver

A
  1. immediately inferior to diaphragm
  2. in right upper abdomen
  3. sits superior and lateral to stomach, right kidney and intestines
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36
Q

diaphragmatic surface of the liver

A
  1. superior and anterior surfaces
  2. smooth and follows curve of diaphragm and body wall
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37
Q

bare area of the diaphragmatic surface

A

area of liver in direct contact with diaphragm
- no visceral peritoneum (shiny)

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38
Q

visceral surface of diaphragmatic surface

A
  1. posterior and inferior surfaces
  2. has impressions from stomach, small intestine, right kidney, and large intestine
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39
Q

lobes of liver

A
  1. right lobe
  2. left lobe
  3. caudate lobe (adjacent to IVC)
  4. quadrate lobe (adjacent to gallbladder)
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40
Q

ligaments of liver

A

made up of double folds of peritoneum - anchor liver
1. falciform lig
2. coronary lig
3. right & left triangular ligs
4. round lig

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41
Q

falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to anterior body wall and divides liver into left and right lobes

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42
Q

coronary ligament

A

suspends liver from the diaphragm
- superior

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43
Q

right and left triangular ligaments

A

on superior aspect, towards lateral body wall

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44
Q

round ligament (ligamentum teres)

A

thickening of inferior margin of falciform ligament, embryological remnant of umbilical vein

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45
Q

bile

A
  1. gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by liver
  2. bile helps in digestion of dietary lipids through emulsification
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46
Q

gallbladder location

A
  1. hollow, pear-shaped, muscular sac on the right visceral surface of liver
  2. lateral to stomach
  3. closely related to the duodenum
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47
Q

gross anatomy of the gallbladder

A
  1. cystic duct
  2. neck
  3. infundibulum
  4. fundus
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48
Q

ducts connecting the liver and gallbladder

A
  1. right and left hepatic duct
  2. common hepatic duct
  3. cystic duct
  4. common bile duct
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49
Q

common hepatic duct

A

joins the cystic duct to form common bile duct

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50
Q

common bile duct

A

empties into duodenum

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51
Q

arterial supply of the gallbladder

A

cystic artery (branch of hepatic artery proper)

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52
Q

venous drainage of the gallbladder

A

cystic vein into the hepatic portal vein

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53
Q

the porta hepatis contents - doorway to liver

A

also known as hilum of the liver
1. hepatic portal vein
2. hepatic artery proper
3. common hepatic duct

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54
Q

origin of the artery in porta hepatis (hepatic proper artery)

A

abdominal aorta>celiac trunk>common hepatic artery>hepatic proper artery

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55
Q

origin of the vein in the porta hepatis (hepatic portal vein)

A

formed by the union of the SMV and splenic vein, posterior to pancreas

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56
Q

hepatic portla vein pathway

A

carries blood from…
1. small intestine
2. large intestine
3. stomach
4. pancreas
5. gallbladder
6. spleen

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57
Q

hepatic portal system

A
  1. connection between two capillary beds
  2. nutrient-rich venous blood drains from the stomach and intestines and travels to the liver for processing
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58
Q

steps of hepatic portal system

A
  1. small intestine absorbs products of digestion
  2. nutrient molecules travel in hepatic portal vein to liver
  3. liver monitors the blood content
  4. blood enters general circulation by way of hepatic veins
  5. hepatic veins empty into the IVC
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59
Q

processing at liver

A

done via lobules

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60
Q

lobules of liver

A
  1. functional unit of the liver for processing
  2. hexagonal in shape
  3. contain a central vein at the centre of each lobule
    contain a portal area with a portal triad at each corner of the lobules
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61
Q

portal area of the lobule (triad)

A

triad of portal area contains:
1. small branch of the hepatic portal vein
2. s small branch of the hepatic artery proper
3. a bile duct

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62
Q

blood flow towards the central vein

A
  1. blood provided by hepatic artery proper and hepatic portal vein flows from portal area towards central vein
  2. as blood flows towards centre, hepatocytes absorb and secrete substances altering blood entering systemic circulation
  3. central veins coalesce into hepatic veins
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63
Q

hepatic veins

A

drain each segment of the liver into IVC and eventually empties filtered blood into right atrium of the heart to be pumped to rest of body

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64
Q

alcohol consumption

A
  1. stomach and SI absorb alcohol
  2. hepatic portal vein carries blood to liver
  3. enzymes metabolize alcohol in liver
  4. hepatic veins carry the blood to IVC to go back into systemic circulation
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65
Q

origin of the duct in porta hepatis (common hepatic duct)

A

formed by the fusion of the left and right hepatic ducts

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66
Q

bile flow towards the portal areas

A
  1. hepatocytes produce bile and bile flows outward to portal areas
  2. bile canaliculi carry bile to bile duct of closest portal area
  3. bile duct branch which leads to the rest of the duct system
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67
Q

hepatic artery proper

A

delivers oxygenated blood to liver
- has a right and left branch

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68
Q

hepatic portal veins

A

delivers deoxygenated, but nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract

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69
Q

common hepatic ducts

A

carries bile produced by the liver aways

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70
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A
  1. produces digestive enzymes and alkaline buffers to neutralize acidic chyme
  2. duct system within pancreas carries the fluid to duodenum
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71
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A

produces hormones such as insulin

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72
Q

exocrine

A

substances secreted into duct system to an epithelial surface

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73
Q

endocrine

A

substance is secreted into interstitial fluid and then into bloodstream

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74
Q

pancreas

A
  1. approx 15 cm long
  2. pinkish, greyish colour
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75
Q

location of pancreas

A
  1. posterior to stomach
  2. head of pancreas is nestled in curve of duodenum
  3. extends left, towards the spleen
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76
Q

greater omentum

A

drapes over the rest of abdominal contents like an apron

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77
Q

anatomy of the pancreas

A
  1. neck
  2. body
  3. tail
  4. uncinate process of pancreas (hooks)
  5. head
  6. pancreatic duct
  7. accessory pancreatic duct
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78
Q

what anastomosis occurs behind the head of the pancreas

A

superior mesenteric vein + splenic vein form the portal veins

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79
Q

arterial blood supply to pancreas

A

branches of splenic artery and pancreaticoduodenal artery

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80
Q

venous drainage to the pancreas

A

splenic veins

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81
Q

what does the pancreas empty into

A

secretions from gallbladder and pancreas are transported to duodenum via duct systems

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82
Q

how does fluid from gallbladder and pancreas enter the duodenum

A

papilla

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83
Q

papilla

A

small, rounded protuberance on an organ

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84
Q

minor and major duodenal papilla

A

empty secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas into the duodenum

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85
Q

spleen

A
  1. lymphatic organ
  2. triangular shaped
  3. intraperitoneal
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86
Q

function of spleen

A
  1. filtration of red blood cells to remove old, larger and deformed cells
  2. prevention of infection
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87
Q

location of spleen

A
  1. upper left quadrant of abdomen
  2. between ribs 9-11 at the midaxillary line
  3. superior to the large intestine and kidney
  4. anterior to diaphragm
  5. tail of pancreas inserts to central area of spleen
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88
Q

posterior surface of the spleen

A

diaphragmatic area

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89
Q

superior surface of the spleen

A

gastric area (close to stomach)

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90
Q

anterior surface of the spleen

A

colic area

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91
Q

inferior surface of the spleen

A

renal area (spleen comes into contact with left kidney

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92
Q

blood supply to the spleen

A

via splenic artery

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93
Q

hilum of spleen

A
  1. medial concave area of spleen
  2. vascular attachment site
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94
Q

hilum of the spleen contents

A
  1. splenic artery
  2. splenic vein
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95
Q

peritoneum of spleen - hilum lines

A
  1. splenogastric ligament
  2. pocket for tail of pancreas
  3. splenorenal ligament
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96
Q

splenogastric ligament

A

connects stomach and gastric area of spleen

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97
Q

splenorenal ligament

A

connects left kidney to renal area of spleen

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98
Q

what surface of the spleen is associated with the large intestine

A

the anterior surface

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99
Q

the kidneys

A
  1. retroperitoneal organs
  2. kidney-bean shaped
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100
Q

position of the kidneys

A
  1. posterior abdominal wall
  2. right kidney sits lower than left (cause liver is so big)
  3. T12-L3/L4 (L3=left, L4=right)
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101
Q

functions of kidneys

A
  1. urine production
  2. regulation of blood ionic concentration
  3. regulation of blood pH
  4. regulation of blood volume and pressure
  5. production of hormones
  6. regulation of blood glucose
  7. excretion of waste and foreign substances
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102
Q

protective coverings of the kidney

A
  1. PERIrenal fat
  2. renal capsule
  3. renal fascia
  4. PARArenal fat
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103
Q

PERIrenal fat

A

fatty mass that protects from trauma and holds in place

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104
Q

renal capsule

A

connective tissue that is the deepest form of protection

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105
Q

renal fascia

A

anchor kidneys to surrounding structures and abdominal wall

106
Q

PARArenal fat

A

thinner and most superficial protective layer

107
Q

blood supply to the kidneys

A

renal artery
- comes directly off the abdominal aorta to kidneys

108
Q

venous drainage of the kidneys

A

renal veins directly to IVC

109
Q

vasculature relationships between both sides

A
  1. right renal artery= longer than left renal artery cause its further from AA
  2. right renal vein is shorter than left renal vein cause shorter pathway to IVC
110
Q

hilum of kidney

A
  1. medial concave area of the kidneys
  2. 3 main structures
111
Q

3 main structures of hilum of kidney

A
  1. renal artery
  2. renal vein
  3. ureter
112
Q

ureter

A

runs from the kidney to the urinary bladder POSTERIOR to renal veins and artery

113
Q

2 main components of kidney

A
  1. cortex
  2. medulla
114
Q

cortex of kidneys

A
  1. outer component
  2. main filtering area
115
Q

medulla of kidneys

A
  1. many columns and tubes
  2. beginning of urine production
116
Q

components of medulla

A
  1. renal pyramid
  2. renal papilla
  3. minor calyx (calyces)
  4. renal pelvis
  5. major calyx (calyces)
  6. ureter
117
Q

pathway of urine

A
  1. renal pyramid
  2. renal papilla
  3. minor calyx
  4. major calyx
  5. renal pelvis
  6. ureter
118
Q

adrenal glands (suprarenal glands)

A
  1. endocrine organs (produce hormones)
  2. retroperitoneal organs
  3. sits directly superior to kidneys
119
Q

function of the adrenal glands

A
  1. produce adrenaline
  2. produce cortisol
  3. produce aldosterone
120
Q

components of adrenal glands

A
  1. medulla
  2. cortex
121
Q

3 inner layers of cortex of adrenal glands

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasciculata
  3. zona reticularis
122
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

secretes hormones (aldosterone for blood pressure)

123
Q

zona fasciculata

A

secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)

124
Q

zona reticularis

A

synthesize weak androgens

125
Q

3 branches of blood supply to the adrenal glands

A
  1. superior suprarenal arteries
  2. middle suprarenal artery
  3. inferior suprarenal artery (from renal artery - supplies inferior AG)
126
Q

superior suprarenal arteries

A

extends from the inferior phrenic artery
- supplies superior adrenal glands

127
Q

middle suprerenal artery

A

extends directly from abdominal aorta
- supplies middle adrenal

128
Q

venous drainage of the adrenal glands

A
  1. right suprarenal vein
  2. left suprarenal vein
  3. left renal vein
    ***asymmetrical drainage
129
Q

right suprarenal vein

A

drains directly into IVC on right hand side (direct drainage)

130
Q

left suprarenal vein

A

drains into left renal vein and then into IVC (indirect drainage)

131
Q

why would a horseshoe kidney not sit as high up in abdomen than regular kidneys

A

it gets hooked on the inferior mesenteric artery

132
Q

branches off the abdominal aorta for the kidneys

A
  1. celiac trunk (T12)
  2. left renal a (T12)
  3. superior mesenteric a (L1)
  4. inferior mesenteric a (L3)
  5. right renal a (L1)
  6. middle suprarenal a
133
Q

pelvic girdle

A
  1. sacrum
  2. innominate bones
  3. coccyx
134
Q

innominate bone

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium (infero-posterior)
  3. pubis (infero-anterior)
135
Q

features of the innominate bones

A
  1. auricular surface
  2. iliopectineal line
  3. ischial spine
  4. ischial tuberosity
  5. symphyseal surface (joins pelvises)
136
Q

features of sacrum

A
  1. sacral promontory
  2. sacral ala
  3. anterior sacral foramina
  4. auricular surface
  5. coccyx (4 fused bones)
137
Q

joints of the pelvic girdle

A
  1. sacroiliac joints
  2. symphysis pubis
138
Q

sacroiliac joints

A

joins auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilium

139
Q

symphysis pubis

A

fibrocartilaginous disc between left and right pubis (symphyseal surface)

140
Q

pelvic inlet

A

anterior border: symphysis pubis + iliopectineal line
posterior border: sacral promontory
lateral border: sacral ala

141
Q

pelvic outlet

A

anterior border: symphysis pubis
posterior border: coccyx
lateral border: ischial tuberosities

142
Q

true and false pelvis

A

true pelvis: pelvic viscera (space between pelvic inlet + outlet)
false pelvis: abdominal viscera

143
Q

male vs female pelvis

A

female: larger subpubic angle + interspinous distance
male: smaller subpubic angle + interspinous distance (space between the ischial spines)

144
Q

function of the pelvic diaphragm

A

supports pelvic viscera

145
Q

features of the pelvic diaphragm

A
  1. urogenital hiatus (anterior)
  2. anal aperture
146
Q

muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

A
  1. levator ani group (support anal canal)
  2. ischiococcygeus
147
Q

levator ani muscles

A
  1. puborectalis
  2. pubococcygeus
  3. iliococcygeus
148
Q

puborectalis

A

extends from pubis to the rectum
- wraps around the anal aperture forming the anal sling

149
Q

pubococcygeus

A

extends from the pubis to the coccyx

150
Q

iliococcygeus

A

extends from the ilium to the coccyx

151
Q

ischiococcygeus

A

extends from the ischium to the coccyx

152
Q

what pelvic diaphragm muscles do not form the urogenital hiatus

A

all except the puborectalis

153
Q

male pelvic viscera

A
  1. vas deferens/ ductas deferens
  2. seminal vesicles
  3. ejaculatory ducts
  4. prostate gland
154
Q

female pelvic viscera

A
  1. uterus
  2. uterine tubes
  3. ovaries
  4. vagina
155
Q

shared pelvic viscera between both male and females

A
  1. bladder
  2. ureters
  3. sigmoid colon
  4. rectum
156
Q

broad ligament

A

double fold of peritoneum that covers female pelvic viscera
- covers ovary, bladder directly and vagina indirectly

157
Q

3 divisions of the broad ligament

A
  1. mesometrium
  2. mesovarium
  3. mesosalpinx
158
Q

mesometrium

A
  1. reference to uterus
  2. largest division of the broad lig
  3. covers the uterus and bladder
159
Q

mesovarium

A
  1. reference to ovaries
  2. suspends ovaries from the uterine tubes
160
Q

mesosalpinx

A
  1. reference to tubes
  2. surrounds uterine tubes and drapes posteriorly
161
Q

features of the uterus

A
  1. fundus
  2. uterine cavity
  3. cervix
  4. cervical canal
  5. internal os
  6. external os
162
Q

ligaments of the uterus

A
  1. uterosacral lig
  2. cardinal lig
  3. round lig
    ***suspend and holds uterus in place
163
Q

uterosacral lig

A

extends from uterus to sacrum posteriorly

164
Q

cardinal lig

A
  1. looks like wings
  2. extends lateral from the uterus to side wall of the pelvic cavity
165
Q

round lig

A

attaches uterus anteriorly to the pelvic cavity

166
Q

features of the uterine tubes

A
  1. infundibulum
  2. isthmus
  3. ampulla
  4. fimbriae
167
Q

infundibulum of uterine tube

A

cone shaped
- fans out into fimbrae

168
Q

isthmus of uterine tube

A

attaches uterine tube to uterine cavity

169
Q

fimbriae of uterine tube

A

scoops eggs into the uterus

170
Q

ovaries

A
  1. paired almond shaped organs
  2. produce ova (eggs)
  3. secrete estrogen and progesterone
171
Q

features of the ovaries

A
  1. mesovarium
  2. suspensory lig of the ovary
  3. ovarian lig
172
Q

ovaries in situ

A
  1. suspensory ligament anchors ovaries to pelvic side wall
  2. ovaries are located superior to uterus
173
Q

vagina

A
  1. open to external environment
  2. begins at the external os of the cervix
  3. posterior to bladder
  4. protrusion of cervix creates fornixes
174
Q

ductus (vas) deferens

A

carries sperm from testicles to inguinal canal then to bladder

175
Q

seminal vesicles

A
  1. posterior surface of bladder
  2. lateral to ductas deferens
  3. glandular structures
  4. store & produce fluid that makes up a majority of semen
176
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

formed by union of seminal vesicles and vas deferens

177
Q

prostate gland

A
  1. inferior to bladder
  2. walnut shaped
  3. traversed by prostatic urethra
  4. prostatic utricle contracts to widen the openings of ejaculatory ducts
178
Q

utricle of the prostate gland

A

helps open the ejaculatory duct

179
Q

opening of ejaculatory ducts

A

semen enters urethra via prostate gland

180
Q

sigmoid colon

A
  1. ‘S’ shaped
  2. distal end of the colon
  3. continuous with the rectum distally
181
Q

rectum

A

continuous with the anal canal distally

182
Q

two flexures of the rectum

A
  1. sacral flexure
  2. anorectal flexure (via anal sling)
183
Q

internal anatomy of the rectum

A
  1. 3 transverse folds
    - superior rectal folds
    - middle rectal folds
    - inferior rectal folds
  2. 3 lateral flexures
184
Q

ureters pathway

A
  1. exit renal pelvis
  2. pass posterior to gonadal vessels and anterior to psoas major
  3. pass anterior to iliac vessels
  4. enter the posterior aspect of the bladder
185
Q

bladder features

A
  1. apex
  2. body
  3. ureters
  4. urethra
  5. internal urethral orifice
  6. trigone
  7. ureteric orifices
186
Q

internal urethral orifices

A

opening from bladder to urethra

187
Q

male relational anatomy - prostate gland

A

superior: bladder
inferior: pelvic diaphragm
anterior: symphysis pubis
posterior: seminal vesicles

188
Q

female relational anatomy - bladder

A

superior: uterus
inferior: pelvic diaphragm
anterior: symphysis pubis
posterior: vagina/vaginal canal

189
Q

blood supply to the uterus

A

internal iliac artery gives off the uterine artery to supply the uterus

190
Q

blood supply to the ovaries

A

abdominal aorta gives off the right and left ovarian arteries to supply the ovaries

191
Q

blood supply to the sigmoid colon

A

IMA gives off the sigmoidal artery to supply the sigmoid colon

192
Q

blood supply to the rectum

A
  1. IMA gives off the superior rectal artery to supply superior rectum
  2. the internal iliac artery gives of the middle and inferior rectal arteries to supply the middle and inferior rectum
193
Q

what is the pelvic viscera innervated by

A

ANS

194
Q

sympathetic innervation pathway to the pelvic viscera

A

preganglionic neurons in L1 and L2 either go to
1. inferior mesenteric ganglion
2. inferior hypogastric plexus
which supply the pelvic viscera

195
Q

sympathetic innervation of the pelvic viscera

A
  1. inhibits bladder, excited internal urethral sphincter to PREVENT urination
  2. inhibits peristaltic contraction, excited internal anal sphincter to PREVENT defecation
  3. excites uterine contraction
196
Q

parasympathetic innervation pathway to pelvic viscera

A
  1. preganglionic neurons in S2, S3, S4
  2. pelvic splanchnic nerves
  3. to innervate the pelvic viscera
197
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the pelvic viscera

A
  1. excites bladder, inhibits internal urethral sphincter to ALLOW urination
  2. excited peristaltic contraction, inhibits internal anal sphincter to ALLOW defecation
  3. inhibits uterine contraction
198
Q

perineum

A
  1. lies inferior to pelvic floor, between lower limbs
  2. formed from soft tissue inferior to pelvic floor, ending with skin
199
Q

orientation of perineum

A

superficial = inferior, closer to skin
deep = superior, closer to pelvic diaphragm

200
Q

pelvic floor

A

forms roof of the perineum

201
Q

borders of perineum

A

anterior border: pubic symphysis
posterior border: coccyx/sacrum
lateral border: ischial tuberosity

202
Q

ischiopubic ramus

A

connects pubic symphysis to ischial tuberosity

203
Q

triangles of perineum

A
  1. urogenital triangle
  2. anal triangle
    - functional units of the perineum
204
Q

urogenital triangle

A
  1. anterior portion of perineum
  2. bounded by:
    - pubic symphysis anteriorly
    - ischial tuberosity laterally
  3. has opening for urogenital hiatus
205
Q

anal triangle

A
  1. posterior portion of perineum
  2. bounded by:
    - ischial tuberosities laterally
    - coccyx posteriorly
  3. contains rectal hiatus
206
Q

male genitalia

A
  1. penis
  2. scrotum
  3. urethra
207
Q

contents of scrotum

A
  1. testes
  2. epidydmis
  3. external spermatic cord
208
Q

root of penis

A
  1. crus
  2. bulb
209
Q

body of penis

A
  1. glans
  2. corpus covernosum
  3. corpus spongiosum
210
Q

bulb of penis

A

single erectile cylinder surrounded by crus

211
Q

crus of penis

A

“legs”
- paired legs surrounding the bulb

212
Q

corpus spongiosum

A
  1. single tissue
  2. extension of bulb into body of penis surrounded by corpus cavernosum
  3. houses the urethra
213
Q

corpus cavernosum

A
  1. paired tissue
  2. extension of crus into body of penis
214
Q

glans of penis

A
  1. expanded corpus cavernosum
  2. where semen is expelled during ejaculation
215
Q

deep penile artery

A

one deep penile artery in each corpus cavernosum

216
Q

urethra features - male

A
  1. bladder (urethra begins after the bladder)
  2. prostate
  3. prostatic urethra
  4. membranous urethra
  5. corpus spongiosum
  6. spongy urethra
  7. external urethral orifice
217
Q

prostatic urethra

A

in prostate

218
Q

membranous urethra

A

after the prostate at seminal vesicles

219
Q

spongy urethra

A

becomes this once the urethra enters the corpus spongiosum

220
Q

external urethral orifice

A

exit point - where urethra terminates to external world

221
Q

female genitalia

A
  1. mons pubis
  2. clitoris
  3. prepuce of clitoris
  4. labia majora
    5.labia minora
222
Q

pudenal cleft

A

space between labia majora and labia minora

223
Q

mons pubis

A

fatty tissue covering that acts as a cushion for protection

224
Q

clitoris

A

erectile tissue

225
Q

labia majora

A

“major lip”
- protect from external environment

226
Q

labia minora

A

“minor lip”
- inner lip responsible for lubrication

227
Q

female genitalia - vestibule borders

A

anterior border: clitoris
lateral border: labia minora
posterior border: fourchette

228
Q

female genitalia - vestibule contents

A
  1. external urethral orifice
  2. vaginal orifice
  3. bulb of vestibule
  4. greater vestibular glands
229
Q

vaginal orifice

A

opening of vagina

230
Q

bulb of vestibule

A
  1. erectile tissue - clitoris
  2. gorged with blood during arousal
231
Q

greater vestibular glands

A

lubrication function

232
Q

erectile tissue - root

A
  1. crus of clitoris
  2. bulb of vestibule
  3. greater vestibular gland (secretions + lubrication)
233
Q

erectile tissue - body

A
  1. body of clitoris (corpora cavernosa)
  2. glans of clitoris (distal portion)
234
Q

urethra features - female

A
  1. external urethral sphincter
  2. urethrovaginal sphincter
  3. compressor urethrae
235
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

surround entire urethra
- when contracts, it puts pressure on the entire urethra

236
Q

urethrovaginal sphincter

A

surrounds urethra and vagina
- when contracts it puts pressure on vagina and urethra

237
Q

compressor urethrae

A

surrounds anterior urethra
- when contracts, puts pressure on anterior urethra

238
Q

urogenital triangle contents

A

superficial to deep
1. skin
2. perineal fascia (directly under skin)
3. superficial perineal pouch
4. perineal membrane
5. deep perineal pouch
6. pelvic floor

239
Q

deep perineal pouch

A
  1. between pelvic floor superiorly and perineal membrane inferiorly
  2. lies superior to perineal membrane
  3. forms the external urethral sphincter
240
Q

deep perineal pouch - males

A
  1. deep transverse perineal muscle
  2. external urethral sphincter
241
Q

deep transverse perineal muscle

A

supports perineal region

242
Q

external urethral sphincter

A
  1. voluntary control to control when to urinate
  2. surround membranous urethra
243
Q

deep perineal pouch- females

A
  1. external urethral sphincter
  2. urethrovaginal sphincter
  3. compressor urethrae
  4. deep transverse perineal muscle
244
Q

perineal membrane

A

only present in urogenital triangle not anal triangle

245
Q

superficial perineal pouch

A
  1. between perineal membrane superiorly, and deep perineal fascia inferiorly
  2. lies inferior to perineal membrane
  3. superior limit= perineal membrane
  4. inferior limit= colle’s fascia
246
Q

superficial perineal pouch- males

A
  1. bulbospongiosum
  2. ischiocavernosus
  3. superficial transverse perineal muscle
247
Q

bulbospongiosus

A

compresses bulb of penis during erection
- covers bulb

248
Q

ischiocavernosus

A

compresses crus of penis during erection
- covers crus
- paired

249
Q

superficial transverse perineal muscle

A

supports perineum

250
Q

superficial perineal pouch- females

A
  1. bulbospongiosus
  2. ischiocavernosus
  3. superficial transverse perineal muscle
251
Q

perineal fascia - superficial layer

A
  1. close to skin
  2. continuous with campers fascia of anterior abdominal wall
252
Q

perineal fascia - deep layer

A
  1. forms part of the superficial pouch
  2. continuous with scarpas fascia of the anterior abdominal wall
  3. colle’s fascia
253
Q

perineal body

A

convergence/interlacing of
1. bulbospongiosus
2. superficial/deep perineal muscles
3. external anal sphincter
4. pelvic floor muscles

254
Q

which triangle lacks the perineal membrane

A

anal triangle

255
Q

anal triangle contents

A
  1. anal aperture
  2. external anal sphincter (controls anal canal)
  3. ischiorectal fossa
  4. pudenal canal
256
Q

ischiorectal fossa

A

paired - on both sides of the perineum
lateral border: obturator internus
medial border: external anal sphincter
superior border: levator ani
inferior border: perineal fascia

257
Q

pudendal canal - neurovasculature

A
  1. pudendal nerve (supply of innervation to perineal region)
  2. internal pudendal artery
  3. infernal pudendal vein
258
Q

external vs internal anal sphincter

A

external: voluntary; compresses to keep sphincter shut
internal: involuntary; relaxed during normal defecation

259
Q

blood supply

A
  1. abdominal aorta bifurcates at L4 into left + right common iliac artery
  2. common iliac artery bifurcates at sacroiliac joint into external +internal iliac artery
260
Q

external iliac artery

A

blood supply to lower limbs

261
Q

internal iliac artery

A

blood supply to the pelvis

262
Q

blood supply to the perineum

A

internal iliac artery gives off the internal pudendal artery to supply the perineum

anat 316 (4 decks)

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