Module 15- Environmental Factors

Question 1

Used to show probiotics are effective against illness to a number of diseases

Answer 1

Meta-analysis

Question 2

Variables to Consider for factors that influence probiotic functions

Answer 2

• Strain Choice and dose
• Duration and frequency of administration
• Knowledge on Probiotic cell constituents and host (microbial Interactions)

Question 3

Factors that influence probiotic functions

Answer 3

Environmental and host factors

Question 4

Environmental Factors that Affect Probiotic Function (6)

Answer 4

Diet, host ethnicity and genetics, Geographical location, Strain growth and preservation, delivery matrix, gut microbiota, host age and health

Question 5

Molecular Determinants of Probiotic Effects

Answer 5

Effectors

Question 6

Probiotic cell effector molecules (8)

Answer 6

Secreted proteins, polyphosphate, PG, LTA, Metabolites, EPS, DNA, Pili, antimicrobials, cell surface proteins

Question 7

Effectors production and activity

Answer 7

Modified by environmental factors

Question 8

Effectors that strengthen intestinal barrier

Answer 8

Secreted proteins (p40/p75) and polyphosphate

Question 9

Effectors that are involved in immunomodulation (7)

Answer 9

PG, tiechoic acids, secreted proteins and peptides, histamine (metabolite), EPS, DNA, pili

Question 10

Effectors that. protect against pathogens

Answer 10

Antimicrobials such as bacteriocins and reuterin + Cell surface proteins + EPS + acetate (metabolite)

Question 11

Strain production and preservation environmental stimuli that can alter bacterial composition

Answer 11

Culture conditions (pH and aeration) + Growth phages of processing

Question 12

Culture conditions influence…

Answer 12

Bacterial survival in products and digestive tract + effector molecules for host-probiotic interactions

Question 13

Culture conditions influencing effectors example

Answer 13

Growth of Bifidobacterium bifidim in human milk oligosaccharides –> IL-10 expression

Question 14

Growth phase of processing effects

Answer 14

Effector molecules

Question 15

Growth phase effects example

Answer 15

Aggregation promoting factors in L. acidophilus

Question 16

Product Delivery Matrix

Answer 16

Few studies to compared different food matrices and formulations

Question 17

Most common food matrix

Answer 17

Dairy but others like fruit juice can be used

Question 18

Product formulation direct effect on probiotics

Answer 18

Physiochemical barriers to gastric acid, nutrients that is selectively metabolized in product or gut, cell sufrace specific expression

Question 19

Cell surface expression by

Answer 19

Dairy products as delivery matrix

Question 20

Cell-surface expression example

Answer 20

L. casei shorter upon incubation with milk vs conventional media

Question 21

Growth media can effect

Answer 21

Cell morphology

Question 22

Ability to respond to dietary conditions might regulate…

Answer 22

Probiotic protection against human pathogens

Question 23

Bifidobacterium with enhances capacities to ferment sugars to acetate….

Answer 23

End product protected germ free mice of E. coli O157:H7

Question 24

Host Physiology

Answer 24

Genetics, ethnicity, age, health status influence probiotics health effect and effects of indigenous microbiota

Question 25

Regular consumption of yogurt by healthy people…

Answer 25

Did NOT significantly change fecal microbiota

Question 26

Probiotics on intestinal microbiota

Answer 26

Metabolic pathway specifically toward polysaccharide metabolism

Question 27

Probiotic performance linked to

Answer 27

Individual dietary components

Question 28

Lactose in drinking water…

Answer 28

S. thermophilus LMD9 colonization in rats

Question 29

Lactate Production by S. thermophius

Answer 29

Induction of transporters and cell cycle arrest protein in epithelial cells

Question 30

Histamine from AA histidine

Answer 30

Induce epithelial cell responses toward inhibiting TNF (pro-inflammatory)

Question 31

Histamine produced by

Answer 31

L. reuteri