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Probiotics > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Widely distributed cells, tissues, and organs

A

Immune System

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2
Q

The immune system acts to…

A

Destroy or neutralize foreign substances

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3
Q

Immunity

A

General ability of host to resist a particular disease or infection

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4
Q

Immunology

A

Science concerned with the immune response

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5
Q

Memory

A

Effectiveness increased after repeated exposure

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6
Q

Antibodies bind to antigens and…

A

Inactivate or eliminate them

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7
Q

Hematopoesis

A

Development on WBCs in BM of mammals

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8
Q

WBCs that mature prior to leaving the BM

A

Macs and DCs and become part of innate immune system

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9
Q

Respond to all antigens

A

WBCs that are part of innate immunity

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10
Q

Not fully functional after leaving the BM

A

B and T cells

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11
Q

B and T cells

A

Differentiate in response to antigens

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12
Q

All leukocytes from

A

Pluripotent stem cells

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13
Q

WBC Counts in body

A

Neutrophils (60), lymphocytes (30), monocytes (6), Eosin (3), Baso (1)

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14
Q

Neutrophils

A

Neutral pH stain + highly phagocytic

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15
Q

Highly Phagocytic

A

Neutrophils and Monocytes/macrophages

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16
Q

Circulate blood and migrate to tissue damage

A

Neutrophils

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17
Q

Neutrophils have

A

Primary and secondary granules

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18
Q

Neutrophil Mode of Action

A

Kill ingested microbes with lytic enzymes and reactive O2 metabolites from granules

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19
Q

Monocytes

A

Mononuclear and circulate for 8 hours before maturing into macrophages

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20
Q

Macrophages

A

Reside in specific tissues and have variety of surface receptors

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21
Q

Microglial cells

A

Brain macs

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22
Q

Kupffer Cells

A

Liver Macs

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23
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Kidney macs

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24
Q

Synovial cells

A

Joint macs

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25
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone macs

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26
Q

In small numbers in blood, skin, MM of nose, lungs, and intestines

A

DCs

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27
Q

DCs mode of action

A

Contact –> Phagocytose –> process antigen –> antigen presentation

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28
Q

Major Cells of the IS

A

B and T cells

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29
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B and T and NK (null) cells

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30
Q

Differentiation

A

T and B cells in bone marrow by

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31
Q

G0 cell cycles

A

B and T cells stuck here until they are activated by binding antigen

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32
Q

Activation of B and T cells

A

Replication and circulation to enter lymphoid tissue

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33
Q

Memory cells

A

Activated lymphocytes that do not immediately replication but will do so when the antigen is present again

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34
Q

B cells migration

A

Circulate blood and settle in lymphoid organs

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35
Q

Plasma cells

A

Antibody producing cells after maturation and activation

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36
Q

T cell migration

A

Stay in thymus, circulate blood, reside in lymphoid tissue

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37
Q

Cytokines

A

Chemicals that have effect on other cells

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38
Q

Produces Cytokines

A

Activated T cells

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39
Q

NK cells

A

Non-phagocytic granular lymphocytes

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40
Q

NK cells kill

A

Malignant and infected cells

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41
Q

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

A

NK cells bind to antibodies coating infected or malignant cells

42
Q

NK cells recognize target by

A

ADCC or loss of MHC I due to presence of virus or cancer

43
Q

Primary Tissues and Organs

A

Sites where lymphocytes mature and differentiate into B and T cells sensitive to antigen

44
Q

Secondary Organs and Tissues

A

Areas where lymphocytes encounter and binds antigen –> proliferation and differentiation into fully mature effector cells

45
Q

Thymus and Long Bone

A

Primary organs

46
Q

Lymph Nodes and Lymphoid Tissues

A

Secondary Organs

47
Q

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Throughout the Body

48
Q

Lymphoid Tissue Role

A

Interface between innate and acquired immunity

49
Q

Area of antigen sampling and processing to then present to B and T cells

A

Lymphoid Tissues

50
Q

Lymphoid Cells Closely associated with specific tissues

A

SALT and MALT

51
Q

Lymphoid cells loosely associated with specfic tissues

A

BALT (bronchial)

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which phagocytic cells recognize, ingest, and kill EC microbes

53
Q

Phagocytic Cells

A

Macs, Monos, DCs, Neutrophils

54
Q

Opsonisation

A

Process by which viruses and bacteria are covered with proteins that will signal immune cells they are foreign

55
Q

Phagocytes recognize microbes by

A

Opsonin-independent (non-opsonic) and Opsonin-depenent (opsonic) recognition

56
Q

Pathogens engulfed into

A

Phagosomes

57
Q

Phagolysosome triggers

A

Respiratory burst to release ROS and NOS + AM compounds –> destroy microbes and some antigen presented on MHC

58
Q

Opsonin-Independent Mechanism Forms…Recognition by

A

1) Lectin-carbohydrate interactions
2) Protien-Protein Interactions
3) Hydrophobic Interations
4) PAMPS by PRRs like TLRs

59
Q

Opsonin-Independent involves…

A

Nonspecific and specific receptors on phagocytic cells

60
Q

Examples of protein-protein recogniztion by phagocytic cells

A

Peptide sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) rec by RGD receptor on phagocyte

61
Q

Lectin-carb interaction

A

Flagella lectin to carb receptor

62
Q

TLRs

A

Class of PRRs that function exclusively as signalling receptors –> ST –> Different Immune Responses

63
Q

TLRs bind

A

PAMPs which is communicated to nucleus to initiate host response

64
Q

TLR Steps

A

Bind –> Translate into TFs –> activate TS of cytokine and chemokine genes

65
Q

Respiratory burst occurs…

A

As soon as phagosome is formed

66
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process used by neutrophils to expel microbial fragments after digestion

67
Q

APCs

A

Mac and DCs

68
Q

Antigen Presentation

A

After digestion in phagolysosome –> pass to ER –> peptide components combine with glycoproteins which become part of cell membrane

69
Q

Why antigen presentation is important

A

Allows wandering lymphocytes to become activated

70
Q

Links specific and nonspecific immune responses

A

Antigen Presentation

71
Q

Inflammation

A

Nonspecific response to tissue injury caused by pathogen or physical trauma

72
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

Immediate response of body to injury or cell death

73
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A

Redness (rubor), Warmth (calor), Pain (dolar), Swelling (tumor), Altered function (functio laesa)

74
Q

Acute inflammation involves

A

Chemical mediators, chemokines releases by injured cells

75
Q

Events that eliminate invading pathogens in acute inflammation

A

Capillary dilation for blood flow, temp rises to stimulate inflammatory response, fibrin clot restrict pathogen, phagocytes accumulation, BM stimulated by various released chemicals to release neutrophils and increase granulocyte formation

76
Q

Flushing

A

Physical barrier that is secretion

77
Q

First Line of Defence

A

Physical barriers

78
Q

Physical barriers location

A

Whole body and includes skin, lysozyme, wax in ears, sweat, low pH, bile, stomach acid

79
Q

Direct Factors that effect physical barriers

A

Nutrition, physiology, fever, age, genetics

80
Q

Indirect factors of physical barriers

A

Personal hygiene, socioeconomic status, living conditions

81
Q

Peristalsis

A

Continuous movement of everything in intestines

82
Q

Intestine Barriers

A

Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes, bile, GALT, peristalsis, sIgA, shedding of columnar epi cells, microbiota, and paneth cells (9)

83
Q

Complement

A

Augments antibacterial activity of antibody

84
Q

3 Major Activities of Complement

A

Defend against bacterial infections, bridge adaptive and innate, dispose of waste by binding and taking to recycling

85
Q

Process by which microbes are coated by serum proteins for recognition and ingestion by phagocytes

A

Opsonization

86
Q

Opsonins

A

Molecules that carry out opsonisation

87
Q

Complement Proteins

A

Some Complement Proteins (C3b), antibodies

88
Q

Opsonin Connections

A

Fc receptor binds on cell antibody and C3b receptor on cell binds C3b

89
Q

Strength of Opsonin

A

+ with antibody, ++ with complement, ++++ with both

90
Q

Cytokines

A

Soluble proteins or glycoproteins released by one cell population that act as intracellular mediators or signalling molecules

91
Q

Cytokine production induced by

A

Nonspecific stimuli (infection), inflammation, T-Cell interactions with antigens

92
Q

Cytokines trigger

A

Maturation or response by other immune cells

93
Q

IFNs

A

Regulatory cytokines produced by some euks in response to viral infection

94
Q

Mechanism of IFN

A

Defend against viruses by preventing viral replication and assembly not entry + helps regulate the immune response

95
Q

IFN Steps

A

Virus infects –> cell synthesizes –> binds receptor of another cell –> signals genes that produce antiviral proteins –> degrade NA and block replication

96
Q

Fever Temperatures

A

Adults above 98.6 or 37 (oral) or 99.5 (37.5) rectal

97
Q

Most common cause of fever

A

Viral or bacterial infection or bacterial toxins

98
Q

Endogenous pyrogen

A

Cytokine produced in response to pathogen that directly triggers fever production

99
Q

Endogenous pyrogens

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF produced by macs

100
Q

Fever augments host defense by…

A

Stimulate WBCs to destroy pathogen, enhance specific activity of immune system, enhance microbiostasis by decreasing iron (can’t replicate at temp or adsorb iron)

101
Q

Microbiostasis

A

Growth inhibition of microbe

102
Q

Hypoferremia

A

Decreased iron availability

Probiotics (16 decks)

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