B2-keeping healthy

Question 1

what’s a communicable disease?

Answer 1

a disease caused by an infection can be passed from organisms to organisms.

Question 2

what’s a non-communicable disease?

Answer 2

a disease not caused by infection, but by a persons lifestyle, environment or their genes.

Question 3

when can bacteria, fungi and protists reproduce?

Answer 3

whenever the conditions are warm with plenty of nutrients, moisture and space.

Question 4

when can viruses reproduce?

Answer 4

when they invade living cells.

Question 5

what’s a pathogen?

Answer 5

a bacterium, fungus, protist or virus that cause disease.

Question 6

when can pathogens cause symptoms of disease?

Answer 6

-when they damage cells by invading and reproducing.
-when they release toxins.

Question 7

how can pathogens be passed?

Answer 7

-in body fluids (blood, salvia, semen etc).
-in contaminated food and water.
-by touch.

Question 8

how does the flu (influenza virus) spread?

Answer 8

-in droplets of body fluids in the air and surfaces.
-they are inhaled or transferred from hand to nose or eye.

Question 9

how does salmonella (salmonella bacterium) spread?

Answer 9

-in contaminated food and water that’s then ingested.

Question 10

how does athletes foot (fungus) spread?

Answer 10

-on surfaces.
-skin touches a contaminated area.

Question 11

how does malaria (plasmodium protists) spread?

Answer 11

-through mosquitoes.
-their bite introduces infected saliva into the humans blood.

Question 12

what’s crown gall disease?

Answer 12

-bacterium
-infects grapes,stone fruit and nut trees.
-spread by contaminated soil,water and farming tools.

Question 13

name a human physical defence.

Answer 13

-the skin.
-platelets in the blood.
-respiratory and digestive systems.
-prevents pathogens from invading
tissues.

Question 14

name a human chemical defence.

Answer 14

-stomach acid.
-antimicrobial substances and enzymes in saliva.
-mucus.
-tears.
-destroy pathogens and stop them reproducing.

Question 15

name a human bacterial defence.

Answer 15

-helpful bacteria that live in the skin and gut.
-they compete against pathogens by using up nutrients and space.

Question 16

what are platelets?

Answer 16

-they help seal up wounds.
-they stick to the cut edge and send out substances that trigger a series of reactions, this makes blood clot at the cut site.

Question 17

name a plant defence.

Answer 17

-cuticle.
-they prevent pathogens from invading the leaf tissue, it also stops water from moving in and out.

Question 18

what are antibodies?

Answer 18

they are molecules that stick to specific pathogens, they then disable pathogens and label them for attack by other white blood cells.

Question 19

what do white blood cells do?

Answer 19

-ingest bacteria.
-make antibodies. (they then stick to antigens and the white blood cell ingest the pathogens).

Question 20

what are memory cells?

Answer 20

they reproduce and make the antibody very quickly, so the immune system responds much faster the 2nd time you catch something.

Question 21

what are antimicrobial substance?

Answer 21

they kill pathogens or stop them from growing.
in plants as they don’t have white blood cells.

Question 22

how can you stop the spread of pathogens?

Answer 22

-clean and cover wounds.
-clean water.
-effective sanitation.
-good personal hygiene.

Question 23

what’s an epidemic?

Answer 23

when a disease effects many individuals in a population.

Question 24

what’s a pandemic?

Answer 24

when a disease spreads over a very wide geographical areas.

Question 25

how do vaccines work?

Answer 25

it contains dead or inactive pathogens, it makes your white blood cells respond to the pathogens and shouldn’t make you ill.

Question 26

what’s herd immunity?

Answer 26

when everyone who can be vaccinated is vaccinated as it protects the people who can’t due to things like allergies.

Question 27

what’s a diagnostic test?

Answer 27

when you observe symptoms that can help to work out which pathogen is causing the infection.

Question 28

what’s a microscopy?

Answer 28

looking at the pathogen cell using a microscope and compare what we see to an identification key or guide.

Question 29

what’s gram staining?

Answer 29

when all bacteria can be classified as either gram positive or gram negative, according to whether or not they are stained by the dye.

Question 30

what’s cell culture?

Answer 30

growing them in controlled environments, allowing the pathogen to grow and divide.
in a day there should be enough pathogens to provide samples for many diagnostic tests.

Question 31

how else can you identify the cause of infection?

Answer 31

through isolation, re-infection and genome analysis.

Question 32

name aseptic techniques.

Answer 32

-sterilise equipment in autoclave at 121 degrees to kill microorganisms.
-sterilise surfaces using alcohol.
-wear PPE
-this lowers risk of contamination.

Question 33

what are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 33

-produced in labs using cultured clones of a white blood cell to produce antibodies against a particular antigen.

Question 34

how are monoclonal antibodies made?

Answer 34

-antigen injected into an animal.
-antibody producing cell taken from animal.
-cells producing the correct antibody selected then cloned.

Question 35

how do monoclonal antibodies help?

Answer 35

-they provide diagnostic tests.
-give faster, more accurate results.
-enabling decisions about treatment to be made more quickly and accurately.

Question 36

what are the factors to be considered when prescribing treatments?

Answer 36

-effectiveness.
-risk of adverse reactions.
-cost.
-benefits.