Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of a species?

A

a group of organisms that can breed together and produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

What is the definition of nature?

A

the basic characteristics of an individual as a result of inherited genes.

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3
Q

What is the definition of nurture

A

the basic characteristics of an individual as a result of the environment that you live in.

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4
Q

What are two examples of nurture characteristics?

A

personality and dying hair colours

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4
Q

What are two examples of nature characteristics?

A

eye colour and nose shape

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4
Q

how are identical twins produced?

A

one egg is fertilised by one sperm and it is split after fertilisation.

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5
Q

what percentage of DNA do identical twins share?

A

50%

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5
Q

what do identical twins share as they grow up?

A

the same environment

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6
Q

what do the twin studies tell us?

A

they compare environmental and inherited factors and characteristics.

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7
Q

what do twin studies compare?

A

nature VS nurture

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8
Q

What causes variation in identical twins?

A

environmental characteristics (nurture)

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9
Q

what causes variation in non identical twins?

A

inherited characteristics/ genetics (nature)

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10
Q

who created the theory of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin

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11
Q

What is a mutation?

A

a change in genetic DNA

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12
Q

What is variation?

A

a range of characteristics

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12
Q

What is the technical term for survival of the fittest?

A

Natural selection

13
Q

what are the stages of natural selection?

A

there is variation in a population - the organisms best suited for the environment survive and breed - the others die - the organisms that breed pass on genetic material and are more likely to be successful - this process is repeated and over time species evolve.

14
Q

what was Lamark’s theory?

A

the more a characteristic is used the bigger and stronger it becomes - characteristics not used disappear - the used characteristic is passed on to its offspring.

15
Q

what happens to species unable to compete - Charles Darwin?

A

they go extinct

16
Q

What is similar about human and chimp skulls?

A

the bone structure - same amount of bones and teeth

17
Q

Which islands where the birds that Darwin saw from?

A

Galapogus islands

18
Q

What varied about these birds?

A

beak size

19
Q

Which animals survive the longest?

A

the animals best at surviving and reproducing.

20
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

the population becomes seperated into two groups - over time each group evolves differently due to genetic variation - the longer they are seperated the more different they become - eventually the two groups have changed so much they can no longer interbreed.

21
Q

What are the three isolation methods for speciation to occur?

A

continental drift - mountain formation - slitting of habitats ( this can be like deforestation or flooding etc)

22
Q

What happens differently in speciation?

A

natural selection

23
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

speeds up natural selection by selecting animals or plants for breeding that have required characteristics.

24
Q

what are the limitations of selective breeding?

A

inbreeding, diseases are prone to some species

25
Q

What are advantages of selective breeding?

A

economic gains, reponsible for agricultural progress