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Biology paper 2 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis

A

controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels

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2
Q

What word is this the definition of: controlling the internal environment of the body at stable levels

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

What is negative feedback

A

a response to a stimulus that reduces the stimulus

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4
Q

what word is this the definition of: a response to a stimulus that reduces the stimulus

A

negative feedback

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5
Q

what are the two systems

A

Nervous system and Endocrine system

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6
Q

Is thermoregulation a nervous or chemical reaction?

A

nervous

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7
Q

is shivering a nervous or chemical reaction?

A

nervous

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8
Q

is diabetes a nervous or chemical reaction?

A

chemical

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9
Q

Is glucose a nervous or chemical reaction?

A

chemical

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10
Q

Is water a nervous or chemical reaction?

A

chemical

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11
Q

Which is not an example of homeostasis: heart rate, hydration, photosynthesis and blood flow

A

photosynthesis

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12
Q

What pathway is used when we respond to something in our environment?

A

nervous pathway

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13
Q

What is the stimulus for an eye?

A

light

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14
Q

What is the receptor for light

A

eye

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15
Q

what is the stimulus for ears

A

sound

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16
Q

what is the receptor for sound

A

ear

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17
Q

what is the stimulus for skin

A

pressure

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18
Q

what is the receptor for pressure

A

skin

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19
Q

what is the stimulus for the tongue

A

taste

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20
Q

what is the receptor for taste

A

tongue

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21
Q

what is the stimulus for the nose

A

smell

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22
Q

what is the receptor for smell

A

nose

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23
Q

What detects the stimulus

A

receptor

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24
Q

what is the next part used after a stimulus and receptor

A

sensory neurone

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25
Q

where does the sensory neurone enter

A

spinal nerve

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26
Q

what happens to the sensory neurone in the spinal nerve

A

it crosses a synapse to the relay neurone

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27
Q

what happens after crossing a synapse to the relay neaurone

A

it crosses a synapse to the motor neurone

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28
Q

where does the motor neurone leave

A

spinal nerve

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29
Q

what plate does the motor neurone move

A

motor end plate

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30
Q

What do dendrites look similar too

A

branches

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31
Q

does a neurone have a cytoplasm

A

yes

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32
Q

does a neurone have a nucleus

A

yes

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33
Q

does a neurone have chloroplasts

A

no

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34
Q

does a neurone have a cell membrane

A

yes

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35
Q

does a neurone have a cytoplasm, nucleus and cell membrane

A

yes

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36
Q

does a neurone have a nucleus, cytoplasm and chloroplasts

A

no

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37
Q

what structure has a myelin sheath

A

a neurone

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38
Q

what is a myelin sheath for

A

insulation

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39
Q

what does the myelin sheath contain within it

A

an axon

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40
Q

what is around the axon

A

myelin sheath

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41
Q

where is the nerve ending

A

the edge of the dendrites

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42
Q

What does a synapse convert an impulse into in order to travel across the gap

A

chemical

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43
Q

what is the chemical impulse converted into after crossing a synapse

A

electrical

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44
Q

why do synapses have mitochondria

A

synthesising proteins

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45
Q

where does the chemical impulse diffuse between (synapse)

A

neurones

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46
Q

what is an effector

A

an organ that does something in response to a stimulus

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47
Q

what word is this a definition of: an organ that does something in response to a stimulus

A

an effector

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48
Q

what are the two examples of an effector

A

muscles and glands

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49
Q

what are the things in neurones containing the chemicals for diffusion called

A

chemical transmitters

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50
Q

outline the key areas of a reflex arc

A

stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - into spinal cord - relay neurone - motor neurone - out of spinal cord - motor end plate

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51
Q

state the role of the central nervous system

A

made up of the spinal chord and the brain

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52
Q

what word is this the definition of: made up of the spinal chord and the brain

A

central nervous system

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53
Q

state the role of a motor neurone

A

carries nerve impulses from the relay neurone to the effector organs

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54
Q

what word is this the definition of: carries nerve impulses from the relay neurone to the effector organs

A

motor neurone

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55
Q

state the role of a sensory neurone

A

carries nerve impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system

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56
Q

what word is the definition of: carries nerve impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system

A

sensory neurone

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57
Q

state the role of a receptor

A

cells are clustered together in sense organs such as eyes or skin

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58
Q

what word is the definition of: cells are clustered together in sense organs such as eyes or skin

A

receptor

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59
Q

state the role of stimulus

A

changes in the environment around you

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60
Q

what word is the definition for: changes in the environment around you

A

stimulus

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61
Q

state the role of an effector

A

organs which respond to impulses sent by the motor neurone

62
Q

what word is the definition for: organs which respond to impulses sent by the motor neurone

A

effector

63
Q

What is the risk in the reaction times experiment

A

injury from the falling ruler

64
Q

what equipment is needed for the reaction times experiment

A

metre ruler - chair - table - partner

65
Q

why should you repeat the reaction times experiment

A

so anomalies can be identified

66
Q

What measure of time do we use for reaction times (e.g. s)

A

milliseconds

67
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of

A

glands which all secrete hormones

68
Q

which system is made up of glands that all secret hormones

A

endocrine system

69
Q

define: secrete hormones

A

small chemical molecules spread around the body in the blood stream

70
Q

what phrase is defined as: small chemical molecules spread around the body in the blood stream

A

secrete hormones

71
Q

Which gland is attached to the brain

A

pituitary gland

72
Q

what is the main role of the pituitary gland

A

to tell other glands to release their hormones

73
Q

what glands main role is: to tell other glands to release their hormones

A

pituitary gland

74
Q

which gland is found in the neck

A

Thyroid gland

75
Q

what is the main function of the thyroid gland

A

when there are low thyroxine levels the pituitary gland tells it to release TSH

76
Q

what glands main role is: when there are low thyroxine levels the pituitary gland tells it to release TSH

A

Thyroid gland

77
Q

what is the regulating process of TSH levels called

A

negative feedback

78
Q

what does TSH stand for

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

79
Q

Which gland is located above the kidneys

A

Adrenal glands

80
Q

what is the main role of the Adrenal gland

A

producing adrenaline

81
Q

which glands main role is producing adrenaline

A

Adrenal gland

82
Q

what is the main role of the pancreas

A

producing insulin

83
Q

which glands main role is producing insulin

A

pancreas

84
Q

why does the pancreas release insulin

A

to regulate blood glucose concentration

85
Q

why does the Adrenal gland produce adrenaline

A

flight or fight response

86
Q

Which gender are the testes found in

A

Males

87
Q

what is the main role of the testes

A

producing sperm

88
Q

which gender are the ovaries found in

A

females

89
Q

what is the main role of the ovaries

A

holding egg cells

90
Q

Is the nervous or endocrine system faster

A

nervous

91
Q

does the nervous or endocrine system rely on hormones

A

endocrine

92
Q

does the nervous or endocrine system rely on electrical impulses

A

nervous

93
Q

does the nervous or endocrine system’s effects last longer

A

endocrine

94
Q

does the nervous or endocrine system act in one specific area

A

nervous

95
Q

does the nervous or endocrine system act more generally

A

endocrine

96
Q

what is the cerebral cortex concerned with

A

consciousness - intelligence - memory - language

97
Q

where is the cerebral cortex located in the brain

A

the top of the brain

98
Q

what is the cerebellum concerned with

A

coordinating muscular activity - balance

99
Q

where is the cerebellum located in the brain

A

lower and a flower shape

100
Q

what is the medulla concerned with

A

unconscious activities

101
Q

where is the medulla located in the brain

A

lower brain and a stem chape

102
Q

where is the cerebral cortex, medulla and cerebellum located

A

brain

103
Q

How is it possible for brain research to be carries out on conscious patients

A

using MRI scans

104
Q

why is it difficult to diagnose and treat brain disorders

A

it has a complex and delicate structure

105
Q

why is surgery on the brain so dangerous

A

it is not fully understood

106
Q

what does MRI stand for

A

magnetic resonance imaging

107
Q

how is the brain protected

A

protective membranes (meninges) and a skull

108
Q

how is electrical stimulation of the brain undertaken

A

stimulate areas after exposing the brain

109
Q

how do scientists map different areas of the brain

A

matching changes in behaviour or memory in the damaged area

110
Q

how are MRI scans used by doctors and scientists

A

they link loss of a function to a damaged area

111
Q

what is are the benefits of studying people with brain damage

A

helped discover functions - help people

112
Q

what are the risks of studying people with brain damage

A

waiting for brain damage - not accurate

113
Q

what is a benefit of electrical stimulation of the brain

A

more targeted

114
Q

what is a risk of electrical stimulation of the brain

A

kills your brain

115
Q

what are the benefits of an MRI scan

A

map the brain - alive and awake people

116
Q

what are the risks of an MRI scan

A

access - not cheap - difficult to use

117
Q

define a lens

A

focuses light

118
Q

which part of the eye focuses light

A

lens

119
Q

define cornea

A

transparent area in the sclera - curved surface so the rays are focused on the retina

120
Q

which part of the eye is a transparent area in the sclera with a curved surface so the rays are focused on the retina

A

cornea

121
Q

define pupil

A

the hole in which light enters the eye

122
Q

which part of the eye is the hole in which light enters the eye

A

pupil

123
Q

define Iris

A

controls the size of the pupil - constricts and dialates to prevent damage

124
Q

which aprt of the eye controls the size of the pupil and constricts or dialates to prevent damage

A

Iris

125
Q

define cilliary muscle

A

holds the lense in place and can change the thickness of the lense

126
Q

which part of the eye holds the lense in place and can change the thickness of the lense

A

cilliary muscle

127
Q

define suspensory ligament (not that important)

A

a ligament that holds the lense in place

128
Q

define retina

A

sends impulses to the brain so you see something

129
Q

which part of the eye sends impulses to the brain so you see something

A

retina

130
Q

define optic nerve

A

sends messages to the brain

131
Q

which part of the eye sends messages to the brain

A

optic nerve

132
Q

define sclera

A

white outer layer of the eye - tough and strong - eqious solution

133
Q

which part of the eye is the white outer layer of the eye which is touch strong and an eqious solution

A

sclera

134
Q

where is the blind spot in the eye

A

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

135
Q

what do Rod cells in the eye show

A

light and dark

136
Q

what do Cones cells in the eye show

A

colours

137
Q

which cells in the eye show light and dark

A

Rod cells

138
Q

which cells in the eyes show colours

A

cones cells

139
Q

Is myopia short or long sighted

A

short sighted

140
Q

Is hyperopia short or long sighted

A

long sighted

141
Q

what does Myopia mean (see far away)

A

you can see close to you but not far away

142
Q

what does hyperopia mean (see far away)

A

you can see far away to you but not close

143
Q

what are the causes of Myopia

A

eyeballs to long - cornea is curved to sharply

144
Q

what are the causes of hyperopia

A

eyeballs to short - lense not thick or curved enough - lense cant bend the light enough

145
Q

which lense can fix myopia

A

diverging lense

146
Q

which lense can fix Hyperopia

A

a converging lense

147
Q

What happens when glucose levels are high

A

the pancreas releases insulin

148
Q

what happens when the pancreas releases insulin

A

the liver stores glucose as glycogen

149
Q

what happens when the lives stores glucose as glycogen

A

the blood sugar levels are lowered

150
Q
A
151
Q

What is a negative feedback loop

A

The bodys way if maintaining a steady state. The body does the opposite of the stimulus

152
Q

Describe how the brain is informed of the image detected by the retina?

A

An impulse is detected in the receptor- of the retina - this is sent through the optic nerve - to form an image in the brain

Biology paper 2 (2 decks)

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