Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 3: History of Evolutionary Biology (ppt) > Flashcards

Lesson 3: History of Evolutionary Biology (ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

one of the most influential text of this century

A

Origin of Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

father of Darwin

A

Richard Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • grandfather of Darwin
  • also a doctor and a prominent scholar who was already thinking about evolution
A

Erasmus Darwin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • encouraged students to make observations of their own, rather than being spoon-fed
  • botany professor Charles Darwin became close to
A

Rev. John Henslow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who’s geology course did John Henslow encourgae Darwin to study

A

Adam Sedgwick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ship sent by British Navy to chart coastline of South America

A

HMS Beagle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where did Darwin make a major find of fossil bones of huge extinct mammals in cliffs beside modern seashells, indicating recent extinction with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe

A

Punta Alta in Patagonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Archipelago of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean, 972 km west of contintental Ecuador

A

Galapagos Islands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what did Darwin conclude in the Galapagos Islands when he saw that populations were related, but were slightly different on each land

A

populations descended from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when did Darwin disembark from the Beagle in the Galapagos

A

September 17, 1835

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  • told Darwin that the tortoises also differed from island to island
  • acting governor of Galapagos
A

Nicolas Lawson

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

“Species might not be fixed entities, but are __ __ __”

A

changing over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how did the mockingbirds differ from island to island

A
  • size
  • shape
  • color
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

birds were not independently created

A

branching, tree-like thinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Significance of the HMS Beagle Voyage

A
  1. amassed collections to study later
  2. exposed Darwin to geological formations, fossils embedded in strata
  3. exposure to animal diversity, related populations within species living in different habitats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Exposure to animal diversity, related populations within species living in different habitats:

A
  1. Species are not immutable fixed entities
  2. organisms are related by common ancestry (tree-like branching)
  3. they are changing and branching in response to the environment (adaptation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

scientific context was in place for development of theory of evolution

A

mid-1800s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Influence on Darwin:
geology

A

Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Influence on Darwin:
Lamarck’s

A

concept of adaptation, inheritance of acquired characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Influence on Darwin:
Malthus

A

competition within species and the struggle for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the first scientific theory of evolution

A

inheritance of acquired characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

made the first scientific theory of evolution, inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what did Thomas Malthus write

A

Essay on the Principle of Population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

From Malthus, what did Darwin think

A

idea of competition and the “struggle for survival: as a component of Natural Selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

came up with the diea of natural selection independently

A

Alfred Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when did Darwin publish Origins

A

1859

27
Q

What did Alfred Russel Wallace write

A

On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type

28
Q

where did Alfred Russel Wallace observe natural selection

A

Malay Archipelago

29
Q

when did Wallace send Darwin a copy of his manuscript

A

1858

30
Q

change through time occurs at the __ not the __ level

A
  • population
  • organism
31
Q

main cause of adaptive evolution

A

natural selection

32
Q

Darwin’s main points

A
  1. organisms evolve
  2. common descent
  3. gradualism
  4. population speciation
  5. natural selection
33
Q

species arise from common ancestors, in a tree-like branching process

A

common descent

34
Q

changes are gradual (we now know that this is not always true)

A

gradualism

35
Q

change in proportions of individuals having a trait in a population

A

population speciation

36
Q

Pattern of Evolution acc. to Lamarck

A

linear progression

37
Q

Pattern of Evolution acc. to Darwin

A

tree-like branching process

38
Q

mechanism of evolution acc. to Lamarck

A

inheritance of acquired traits - individual evolution

39
Q

mechanism of evolution acc. to Darwin

A

evolution at the population level via natural selection

40
Q

one species turns into another

A

transmutation of species

41
Q

individuals with this mutation survive and leave more offspring

A

greater fitness

42
Q

example of nonadaptive evolutionary forces

A

genetic drift

43
Q

father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

44
Q

principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors

A

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

45
Q

traits in Mende’s principle

A

particulate traits

46
Q

traits in Darwin

A

continuous traits

47
Q

thought that evolution required only mutations and passing on of discrete traits

A

mutationists

48
Q

thought that evolution required only natural selection on continuous variation

A

Darwinists

49
Q

a trait that has distinct values, rather than a range of phenotypes, usually encoded by one or a few genes

A

discrete trait

50
Q

ex. of discrete trait

A
  1. number of fingers
  2. color of Mende’s peas
  3. sickle cell anemia
  4. ABO blood type
  5. number of eggs in a bird clutch
  6. presence/absence of human widow’s peak
  7. presence/absence of dimples
51
Q

trait that has a continuum of phenotypes and is encoded by multiple genes

A

quantitative (continuous) trait

52
Q

ex. of quantitative (continous) trait

A
  1. body size
  2. height
  3. weight
  4. intelligence
  5. running speed
53
Q

offspring gain characteristics of both parents

A

blending inheritance

54
Q

proponents of the mutationist theory

A
  1. Hugo de Vries
  2. Thomas Hunt Morgan
55
Q

What caused the mutationists vs darwinists problem

A
  1. binary thinking (black or white thinking)
  2. inability to see overarching mechanism
56
Q

states that most evolutionary changes at the molecular level are caused by random genetic drift of selectively neutral nucleotide substitution

A

neutral theory of molecular evolution by Kimura

57
Q

synthesis of population genetics (integrate the roles of mutation, selection, genetic drift, paleontology, systematics)

A

Modern synthesis

58
Q

Modern synthesis is also known as

A

Synthesis of Evolution and Genetics

59
Q

The modern synthesis is among the __ __ __ of the century

A

greatest scientific revolutions

60
Q

Some Key Tenets of the Modern synthesis

A
  1. populations - units of evolution
  2. Mendel vs Darwin: continuous traits are also coded by particulate genes
  3. Mutation vs Selection: mutations are sources of genetic variation upon which selection acts
  4. natural selection and mutation are not the only evolutionary forces
  5. microevolutionary processes lead to macroevolutionary changes
61
Q

example of other evolutionary forces

A
  • genetic drift
  • migration
62
Q

microevolutionary processes

A
  • drift
  • selection
  • mutation
63
Q

“changes in proportion in a population could occur via random genetic drift”

A

Sewall Wright

BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions