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BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology > Lesson 4: Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium > Flashcards

Lesson 4: Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Flashcards

1
Q

Darwin’s observation

A
  • evolution acts through CHANGES IN ALLELE FREQUENCE at each generation
  • leads to average change in characteristic of population
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2
Q

“individuals pass allels on to their offspring intact”

A

idea of particulate (genes) inheritance

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3
Q

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance

A
  1. Laws of Segregation
  2. Law of Independent Assortment
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4
Q

only one allele passes from each parent on to an offspring

A

Law of Segregation

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5
Q

different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently of each other

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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6
Q

what did Mendel discover using 29,000 pea plants

A

1:3 ratio of phenotypes due to dominant vs. recessive alleles

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7
Q

mathematical description of Mendelian inheritance

A

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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8
Q

what is the testing for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can be used to

A

asses whether a population is evolving

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9
Q

genotypic frequencies that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

population that is not evolving

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10
Q

genotypic frequencies not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

population is evolving

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11
Q

Evolutionary Mechanisms that will put population out of HW Equilibrium

A
  1. genetic drift
  2. natural selection
  3. mutation
  4. migration
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12
Q

genetic drift

A
  • change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to RANDOM chance
  • may cause gene variants to disappear completely and thereby reduce genetic variation
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13
Q

natural selection

A

idea that organisms that are best suited to survive pass their traits down

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14
Q

mutation

A

change in the DNA sequence of an organism

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15
Q

migration

A

causes the transfer of genes from one population to the othe

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16
Q

change expression of alleles but not the frequency of alleles themselves, so they won’t affect the actual inheritance of alleles

A

epigenetic modifications

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17
Q

an evolving population is one that __ Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

A

violates

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18
Q

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
large population size -> ?

A

genetic drift

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19
Q

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
random mating -> ?

A

inbreeding & other

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20
Q

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
no mutations -> ?

A

mutations

21
Q

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
no natural selection -> ?

A

natural selection

22
Q

Requirement of HW -> Evolution
no migration -> ?

A

migration

23
Q

group of individuals of the same species interacting within the same space

A

population

24
Q

according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain __ from generation to generation

A

constant

25
Q

the genotype frequencies you see in a population should be the ___ __, given the allele frequences

A

Hardy-Weinberg expectations

26
Q

a population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium sevse as the __ __ to test if evolution is happening

A

null model (for no evolution)

27
Q

region of genome sequence (DNA or RNA), that is the unit of inheritance, the product of which contributes to phenotype

A

gene

28
Q

location in a genome or gene

A

locus

29
Q

plural of locus

A

loci

30
Q

variants forms of a gene

A

allele

31
Q

combinationof alleles at a locus

A

genotype

32
Q

the expression of a trait, as a result of the genotype and regulation of genes

A

phenotype

33
Q

2 chromosomes

A

diploid

34
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equlibrium formulas

A
  1. p+q = 1
  2. p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
  3. (p+q)^3 = 1
  4. p^3 + 3p^2q + 3pq^2 + q^3 = 1
35
Q
  • metabolic disorder that results from homozygosity for a recessive allele
  • cannot break down phenylalanine
A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

36
Q

five conditions for nonevolving populations are met in nature

A
  1. no mutations
  2. random mating
  3. no natural selection
  4. extremely large population size
  5. no gene flow
37
Q

can be used to determine if a population is significantly different from the expectations of Hardy-Weinberg model

A

X^2 goodness-of-fit test

38
Q

statistical test used to examine the differences between categorical variables from a random sample in order to judge the goodness of fit between expected and observed results.

A

Chi-square

39
Q

X^2 = ?

A

E ((O-E)^2/E)

40
Q

a nonevolving population is in __ __

A

HW Equilibrium

41
Q

occurs when the requirement for HW Equilibrium are not met

A

evolution

42
Q

HW Equilibrium is violated when there is …

A
  1. genetic drift
  2. migration
  3. mutations
  4. natural selection
  5. nonrandom mating
43
Q

p- value = ?

A

0.05

44
Q

degree of freedom (df) - ?

A

of classes - # of frequencies - 1

45
Q

No. of classes

A

genotype (3)

46
Q

No. of frequencies

A

allele (1)

47
Q

X^2 tab,0.05,1 = ?

A

3.8415

48
Q

tendency for people to choose mates who are more similar (positive) or dissimilar (negative) to themselves in phenotype characteristics than would be expected by chance.

A

Assortative mating

BIO106 - Evolutionary Biology (20 decks)

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