Risk Factors In The Development Of Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

What is a risk factor?

A
  • anything int or ext that inc the likelihood of an indv starting to use drugs or engage in addictive bhv
  • there are many risk factors such as genetic vulnerability, stress, personality, family influences and peers
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2
Q

Describe what is meant by genetic vulnerability as a risk factor of addiction

A
  • indv has inherited predisposition that inc risk of addiction
  • GV is explained as an interaction bw genes and env factors as an indv wont become addicted unless exposed to substance or opportunity
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3
Q

Explain a reason genetic vulnerability can occur

A
  • GV can occur due to the number of D2 receptors indv has due to genetics
  • D2 receptors are responsible for communicating w nts dopamine which is ass with pleasure
  • having fewer D2 receptors is ass with addiction, as this leads to problems with experiencing pleasure from everyday activities e.g. chocolate
  • so indv has more addictive substances like nicotine to experience feelings of pleasure they lack from
  • therefore leading to addiction due to repeated use
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4
Q

What are the two AO3 PEELS to evaluate genetic vulnerability?

A

RTS by Kendler - adopted
Weakness - cannot establish cause and effect

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5
Q

Describe what is meant by stress as a risk factor of addiction

A
  • indv experiences a psychological state that occurs when they believe they dont have the ability to cope with the perceived threat
  • ppl who experience stress may turn to addictive substances or bhvs as a form of self medication
  • periods of constant stress and traumatic life events in childhood have been linked with inc risk of developing an addiction
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6
Q

What is the research into stress?

A
  • Anderson and Teicher found that early experiences of severe stress have damaging effects on a young brain in a sensitive period of development and can create vulnerability to later stress
  • further stressful experiences in later life could trigger the vulnerability and make it more likely that a person may self medicate with substances or behavioural addictions
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7
Q

What is the AO3 PEEL to evaluate stress?

A

Strength - cause and effect cannot be established
Weakness - cause and effect cannot be established

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8
Q

Describe what is meant by personality as a risk factor of addiction?

A
  • there is no such thing as an addictive personality however certain traits have been linked to inc likelihood of addiction
  • it is suggested that anti - social personality disorder leads to a high vulnerability to addiction
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9
Q

Explain the three personality innate dimensions associated with addiction in drug and alcohol abuse

A
  • Clodinger proposed 3 innate dimensions ass with addiction in drug and alcohol abuse
  • each dimension measured through a questionnaire
  • novelty seeking is the tendency to get very excited in response to new stimuli, so continously seek new, more extreme experiences
  • inhibited harm avoidance is the lack of inhibition, worry and fear
  • inc reward dependency is the tendency to respond more to rewards e.g. social approval
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10
Q

What are the two AO3 PEELS to evaluate personality?

A

RTS by Schneider - novelty seeking
Weakness - cause and effect cannot be established

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11
Q

Describe what is meant by family influences as a risk factor of addiction?

A
  • one fam inf is perceived parent approval, an adolescent will be more vulnerable to developing an addiction if they believe parents show pos attitudes towards a particular addictive substance bhv
  • adolescents who believe that their parents have little interest in monitoring their bhv are sig more likely to develop addiction
  • exposure to fam using substance/bhv creates risk of developing an addiction due to SLT playing a role, indv could obsv fam member engaging in add bhv and imitate this bhv as they identify and want to be like them
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12
Q

What is the research into family influences?

A
  • Livingstone found that yr 11 students allowed to drink at home were sig more likely to drink excessively at college
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13
Q

What is the AO3 PEEL to evaluate family influences?

A

RTS by Madras - cannabis
Strength - prac apps

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14
Q

Describe what is meant by peers as a risk factor of addiction?

A
  • peers can inf an indv development during adolescence as they spend more time with them rather than family
  • some psychologists argue peers may act as gateways to addictive bhv
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15
Q

What are the three major elements peers provide to influence indv at risk for alcohol addiction?

A
  • O’Connell suggested adolescents are at risk of developing an alcohol addiction due to inf of peers bc of three major elements
  • an at risk indv attitudes and norms to drinking alcohol can be inf by ass with groups who drink alcohol
  • experienced peers provide more opportunities for at risk indv to drink alcohol
  • an indv perception may over estimate how much their peers drink and therefore drink more to keep up with them
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16
Q

What is the AO3 PEEL to evaluate peers?

A

Strength - prac apps
Weakness - cause and effect cannot be established