Carbohydrates

Question 1

Monosaccharides are multiples of?

Answer 1

CH2O (Glucose is most common)

Question 2

Disaccharide is formed when?

Answer 2

Dehydration rxn between 2 monosaccharides (glycosidic linkage)

Question 3

Glucose + Glucose

Answer 3

maltose (1-4 glycosidic linkage)

Question 4

glucose + fructose

Answer 4

sucrose (1-2 glycosidic linkage)

Question 5

starch is a polysaccharide consisting of?

Answer 5

glucose monomers (1-4 linkage of alpha glucose)
plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids

Question 6

difference between starch and glycogen

Answer 6

starch is a plant poly while glycogen is an animal polysaccharide

Question 7

glycogen is stored where?

Answer 7

liver and muscle cells

Question 8

cellulose is a polysaccharide that is?

Answer 8

major component of cell walls (polymer of glucose with 1-4 beta glucose linkage)

Question 9

Polymers with alpha glucose are what shape?

Answer 9

helical

Question 10

Polymers with beta glucose are what shape?

Answer 10

straight

Question 11

parallel cellulose molecules are held together and grouped into what?

Answer 11

microfibrils

Question 12

enzymes that digest starch cant hydrolyze beta linkages in cellulose

Answer 12

cellulose in human food passes through as insoluble fiber

Question 13

cellulose digesting prokaryotes are found in?

Answer 13

cows

Question 14

Chitin (poly) is found where?

Answer 14

exoskeleton of arthropods (provides structural support to cell walls of many fungi too)
used to make strong surgical thread too

Question 15

Lipids do not form polymers

Answer 15

they are hydrophobic sinch they mostly contain nonpolar hydrocarbons
fats, phospholipids and steroids are examples

Question 16

fats are constructed from?

Answer 16

glycerol + fatty acids (ester linkage)

Question 17

3 fatty acids are joined to glycerol, creating?

Answer 17

triacylglycerol

Question 18

saturated fatty acids dont contain what?

Answer 18

double bond

Question 19

stearic acid is a?

Answer 19

saturated fat

Question 20

oleic acid is a?

Answer 20

unsaturated fat (cis double bond)

Question 21

difference between animal and plant fats?

Answer 21

animal - saturated (solid at room temp)
plant and fish - unsaturated (liquid at room temp)

Question 22

diet rich in saturated fats can lead to?

Answer 22

cardiovascular diseases through plaque deposits

Question 23

unsaturated fats + hydrogen

Answer 23

saturated fats
can also form unsaturated fats with trans bonds that are more lethal than saturated fats

Question 24

humans and mammals store fat where?

Answer 24

adipose cells

Question 25

what are steroids?`

Answer 25

carbon skeleton formed by 4 fused rings (cholestrol is an example)

Question 26

amino acids are linked by?

Answer 26

peptide bonds

Question 27

Primary structure of proteins is?

Answer 27

Unique sequence of amino acids.
determined by inherited genetic information

Question 28

Secondary structure of proteins

Answer 28

coils and folds in the polypeptide chain

Question 29

Tertiary structure of proteins

Answer 29

determined by interaction among various side chains.
strong covalent bonds called DISULFIDE BRIDGES may reinforce protein structure.

Question 30

Types of secondary structures?

Answer 30

alpha helix and beta pleated sheets

Question 31

Abdominal glands of spiders secrete silk fibers made of what?

Answer 31

beta pleated sheets

Question 32

what is quaternary structure of proteins?

Answer 32

multiple polypeptide chains form one macromolecule.
collagen is a fibrous protein.
haemoglobin is a globular protein with 4 polypeptides (2 alpha and 2 beta)

Question 33

sickle cell disease is caused by?

Answer 33

valine instead of glycine in haemoglobin

Question 34

loss of protein’s native structure is called?

Answer 34

denaturation

Question 35

what are protein molecules that assist proper folding of other proteins?

Answer 35

Chaperonins

Question 36

Bioinformatics uses computer programs to do what?

Answer 36

predict protein structures from amino acid sequences