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A&P II > digestive > Flashcards

digestive Flashcards

1
Q

4 layers of the GI tract

A

mucosa (inside)
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

where does the GI tract start and end

A

starts at mouth ends at rectum

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3
Q

where are the salivary glands in the mouth

A

sublinguinal - underneath tongue

parotid glands - buccal (cheek)

submandibular glands - floor of mouth

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4
Q

pancreatic juices are made of what

A

enzymes
bicarbonate
water
salts

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5
Q

what % of the original food matter you eat makes it to your feces

A

50%

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6
Q

cholecystokinin is secreted by the D____ which stimulate the G____ to secrete bile

A

duodenum

gall bladder

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7
Q

lipids require formation of a special layer called ___ for proper absorption

A

micelle

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8
Q

which enzymes break down proteins in the duodenum

A

trypsin

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9
Q

which enzyme breaks down carbs in the duodenum

A

lactase

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10
Q

the submucosal plexus is responsible for S____ and the myenteric plexus is responsible for M___

A

secretion

motility

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11
Q

by which mechanisms do humans loose heat to maintain 37 degrees

A

convection
conduction
evaporation

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12
Q

what occurs during the absorptive state (right after a meal)

A

glucose is turned into ATP

insulin is released by pancreatic beta cells

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13
Q

glycolysis takes place in the _____ of cell and the krebs cycle takes place in ____ of the cell

A

cytosol

mitochondrial matrix

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14
Q

the breakdown of glycogen to make glucose is called what?

A

glycogenolysis

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15
Q

the process of making glucose out of protein and lipids is called

A

glucogenesis

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16
Q

P___ is turned into A____ which enters the kreb cycle

A

pyruvate

acetyl CoA

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17
Q

what % of adipose tissue is stored in the subcutaneous layer

A

50%

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18
Q

beta oxidation is the first step of?

A

lipolysis

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19
Q

what vitamin depends on B9 to activate

A

B12

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20
Q

beriberi is caused by what deficiency

A

B1

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21
Q

pellegra is caused by what deficiency

A

B3

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22
Q

which mineral is most predominant in our body

A

calcium

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23
Q

what mineral is a mm relaxant

A

magnesium

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24
Q

vit D deficiency can lead to what in childen

A

rickets

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25
Q

vit D deficiency can lead to what in adults

A

osteomalacia

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26
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for detecting and rapidly responding to thirst

A

pituitary

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27
Q

you can become dehydrated after losing how much water mass

A

5%

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28
Q

what does chemical digestion do

A

provide salivary enzymes

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29
Q

what does mechanical digestion do

A

mix food with secretions

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30
Q

what are the 3 parts of the esophagus and which have smooth or skeletal mm

A

superior = 1/3 skeletal muscle
middle = 1/3 both skeletal, smooth muscle
inferior = 1/3 smooth

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31
Q

what is the sphincter that goes from esophagus to the stomach

A

cardiac sphincter (involntary control)

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32
Q

stomach digestion mechanical vs chemical

A

mechanical = churning –> peristalsis
chemical = hydrochloric acid

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33
Q

what do the mucus neck cells secrete

A

secrete alkaline mucus –> basic mucus

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34
Q

what do the chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

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35
Q

what do the parietal cells produce

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

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36
Q

what do G cells secrete

A

gastrin

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37
Q

what are the 4 cells that line the stomach

A

mucus neck cells
chief cells
parietal cells
G cells

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38
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

SECRETE HORMONES AND ENZYMES

glucagon, insulin, amylase, lipase, trypsin (protein), chymotrypsin (proteas)

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39
Q

what are pancreatic juices made of

A

water
salts
bicarbonate
enzymes

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40
Q

what does the liver do

A

MAKES BILE STORED IN GALLBLADDER

regulates glycogen storage

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41
Q

what is a micelle

A

tiny spheres that cover the lipid molecules

hydrophilic

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42
Q

what is the transportable form of fat

A

chylomicron

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43
Q

what ligaments are with the liver

A

teres (round ligament, attached to umbilicus)

falciform

coronary (CROWN) attached to diaphragm

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44
Q

what is the functional unit of the liver

A

ACINI - shaped like a hexagon

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45
Q

what are the 3 anatomical structures of the HEPATIC TRIAD (found at apex of acinus)

A

bile duct
hepatic artery branch
hepatic portal vein branch

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46
Q

what is the greater omentum attached to

A

transverse colon, sm intestine (greater curvature)

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47
Q

what is the lesser omentum attached to

A

stomach and duodenum to liver “J” (lesser curvature)

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48
Q

what are stomach folds called

A

rugae

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49
Q

what are the large intestine folds called

A

teniae coli / haustra

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50
Q

what are the folds with muscularis called

A

plicae circulares

51
Q

what secretes after you eat

A

insulin

52
Q

what secretes when you fast

A

glucagon

53
Q

what hormones are released by beta islet cells

A

langerhan cells

54
Q

what does lipase digest

A

fat

55
Q

what does trypsin digest

A

protein

56
Q

what does chymotrypsin digest

A

proteas

57
Q

where is 90% of absorption

A

small intensine

58
Q

what 3 structures are part of the small intensine

A

duodenum (CCK) cholecystokinin - causes gallbladder to release bile

jejunum (S cells)

ileum

59
Q

colon order

A

Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum / anus

60
Q

what does vitamin K do

A

helps blood clot to prevent blood loss

61
Q

what is the only thing absorbed in the large intestine

A

vitamin K and B

62
Q

what does metabolism consist of

A

anabolism - creates larger molecules

catabolism - breaks down large molecules

63
Q

what happens after you eat a meal

A

absorptive state - using/burning glucose
make ATP

64
Q

what happens between eating meals

A

post absorptive state - burns ATP
makes GLUCOSE

65
Q

what are the 4 steps of cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. pyruvate
  3. AcCoA
  4. electron transport chain (ETC)
66
Q

what does glycolysis do

And where does it happen

A

turns glucose into 2 pyruvate

in cytosol

67
Q

what does pyruvate do

A

AcCoA –> in mitrochondria

68
Q

where does AcCoA go

A

goes to Krebs (NADH, FADH)

in MITOCHONDRIA

69
Q

Where is pyruvate, AcCoa, electron transport train

A

mitochondria

70
Q

how many ATP’s and H2O’s are made in the electron transport chain

A

32 ATP

6 H2O

71
Q

what the 4 things involved w glucose metabolism

A

GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
GLYCOGENOSIS
GLUCONEOGENESIS

72
Q

what does glycolysis do

A

breaks down glucose turns it to pyruvate

73
Q

what does glycogenolysis do

A

break down GLYCOGEN into GLUCOSE

74
Q

what does glycogenosis do

A

makes GLYCOGEN into GLUCOSE

75
Q

what does gluconeogenesis do

A

makes glucose from fat and proteins

76
Q

what is stored in the form of glucose

% in skeletal muscle
% in liver

A

GLYCOGEN (extra glucose)

75% in skeletal muscle
25% in liver

77
Q

what is the first step in fat metabolism

lypolysis

A

BETA OXIDATION

78
Q

what is the main type of fat that you eat

A

triglyceride

(glycerol –>alcohol, glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids attached to it)

79
Q

how much fat is stored in the subcutaneous layer

A

50%

80
Q

can you store amino acids in the body

A

no

81
Q

essential vs non essential amino acids = all of the above answer

A
82
Q

function of vit D

A

regulates calcium, magnesium, phosphate

83
Q

Vitamin K function and main source

A

necessary in blood clotting

produced by gut bacteria

84
Q

function of Vitamin B1 and deficiency

A

carbohydrate metabolism

Beri beri

85
Q

function and deficiency of B3

A

carbohydrate metabolism

pellagra

86
Q

what does B12 need and needed to make

A

needs vitamin B9 to activate it

needed to make heme

87
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency

A

anemia

88
Q

what are the main minerals in the body

A

calcium - most predominant
phosphorus
potassium

89
Q

Calcium function and deficiency

A

bone mineralization

rickets and osteomalacia and osteoporosis

90
Q

when are osteoclasts active

A

when Ca2+ is low (break down bone)

91
Q

when are osteoblasts active

A

when Ca2+ is high (build up bone)

92
Q

functions of sodium Na+

A

extracellular fluid control
water balance
acid base balance
muscle contraction
nerve impulse

93
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

K A D E

94
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

B C

95
Q

where are all vitamins absorbed

A

small intestine

96
Q

what controls thirst regulation

A

pituitary gland of hypothalamus (fast)

cerebral cortex (slow)

97
Q

where are kupffer cells

A

LIVER

clean up crew

98
Q

blood flows away from triad

A

bile flows toward triad

99
Q

which direction does deoxygenated and oxygenated blood flow with respect to portal triad

A

away towards central vein in middle of acinus

100
Q

where are brush border enzymes found

A

plasma membranes of microvilli

101
Q

what are carbohydrate digesting enzymes

A

alpha dextrinase

maltase

sucrase

lactase

102
Q

protein digesting enzymes

A

aminopeptidase, dipeptidase

103
Q

nucleotide digesting enzymes

A

nucleosidases and phosphates

104
Q

what is the myenteric plexus

A

between the circular and longitudinal smooth mm layers of muscularis - responsible for motility

105
Q

submucosal plexus

A

in submucosa

controls secretory cells - responsible for secretions

106
Q

where does gastrin come from

A

stomach - causes HCL to be released

107
Q

where is inner temperature controlled

A

anterior hypothalamus called preoptic area

108
Q

where does krebs cycle happen

A

mitochondrial matrix

109
Q

where is hydrochloric acid

A

in the stomach

110
Q

functions of GI system

A
  • ingestion / eating
  • Secretions
  • Mixing (motility)
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
111
Q

what does the mesentery connect to

A

small intestine
binds jejunum and ilium of sm intestines to posterior abdominal wall

112
Q

what is the largest fold in peritoneum

A

mesentery

113
Q

what does the mesocolon bind

A

transverse colon and sigmoid colon of L intestine to posterior abdominal wall

114
Q

what is chylomicron

A

when lipids reform into triglycerides and clump together with phospholipids and cholesterol and become coated w proteins called chylomicrons

115
Q

what does gastrin do

A

increase HCL from parietal cells

116
Q

where and what does secretin do

A

S cells
duodenum

increase HCO3 (bicarbonate) from duodenum

117
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

118
Q

the upper and lower ends of esophagus both have sphincters which has smooth mm

A

upper = skeletal
lower - smooth

119
Q

lysis = Breakdown

A

genesis = make

120
Q

what % of fuel is used for body temp

A

60%

40 is used for chemical reactions in the body

121
Q

where does the electron transport chain happen

A

intermembrane space

122
Q

function of vitamin D

A

regulate calcium, Mg, phosphorus

123
Q

what are B1 and B3 function

A

carbohydrate metabolism

124
Q

what do we need B12 for

A

to make heme

A&P II (10 decks)

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