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A&P II > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

layers of heart (3) from outer to inner

A

EPICARIDUM - external layer - outermost (visceral) & inner layer (adipose tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics

MYOCARDIUM - middle, muscle

ENDOCARDIUM - inner, endothelium, smooth lining

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2
Q

what makes heart valves open and close

A

pressure changes

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3
Q

upper two chambers of heart

A

right and left atria

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4
Q

lower chambers of heart

A

right and left ventricles

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5
Q

right atrium has what structures

A

superior vena
inferior vena
coronary sinus

tricuspid valve

interatrial septum
fossa ovalis - remnant of foramen ovale in fetus

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6
Q

where are pectinate mm found

A

atrium

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7
Q

what does superior vena cava drain

A

head and neck

left drains rest of body

coronary sinus drains heart

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8
Q

where is trabeculae carneae

A

right ventricle heart wall

convey electricity

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9
Q

where is cordae tendinea and what does it do

A

tricuspid valve and bicuspid

control valve opening and closing

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10
Q

where are papillary mm’s

A

ventricles

type of trabeculae carneae attached to carnae

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11
Q

What are the pulmonary valves and trunk

A

right ventricle

PULMONARY takes BLOOD AWAY from heart

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12
Q

where does the bicuspid valve deliver blood to

A

left ventricle

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13
Q

blood passes through into coronary arteries first

A

then descending aorta to rest of body

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14
Q

blood flows from ____ pressure to _____ pressure

A

high –> low

valves open and close in response to PRESSURE CHANGE

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15
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves

A

TRICUSPID (right atrium –> right ventricle)

BICUSPID (MITRAL) (left atrium –> left ventricle)

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16
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

AORTIC (right ventricle)

PULMONARY (left ventricle)

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17
Q

what is pulmonary circulation

A

blood leaving RIGHT VENTRICLE flowing through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk into lungs

blood picks up O2 and drops of CO2 into lungs

blood leaves lungs and re enters left ventricle of heart to be pumped out through aortic into systemic circulation

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18
Q

what is systemic circulation

A

blood from left ventricle (AFTER ITS GONE THROUGH PULMONAR CIRCULATION & IS OXYGENATED)

through aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta to the body

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19
Q

coronary cirulation

LAC

A

LEFT CORORNARY ARTERY

anterior interventricular branch (supplies oxygenated blood to both ventricle)

circumflex branch (supplies oxygenated blood to walls of atriums)

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20
Q

coronary circulation

RPM

A

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY

POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR BRANCH (oxygenated blood to walls of two ventricles)

MARGINAL BRANCH (oxygenated blood to right ventricle)

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21
Q

LAC RPM

A

LEFT CORONARY ARTERY BRANCHES
ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR
CIRCUMFLEX

RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY BRANCHES
POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR
MARGINAL BRANCH

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22
Q

conducting zone (NO GAS EXCHANGE) (8)

A

nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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23
Q

respiratory zone - GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS (4)

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli

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24
Q

4 layers of trachea

A

mucosa
submucosa
hyaline cartilage
adventitia

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25
Q

where is the beginning of respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles

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26
Q

what do type I alveolar cells do

A

gas exchange

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27
Q

what do type II alveolar cells do

A

secrete surfactant - lowers surface tension, prevents collapse

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28
Q

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

A

phagocytes that remove dust

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29
Q

do pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from body via right heart into lungs for oxygenation

A

yes

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30
Q

normal breathing muscles

A

diaphragm 75 % of work
external intercostals - 25%

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31
Q

forced inhalation mm’s used

A

SCM
scalenes
pec minor

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32
Q

forced exhalation mm’s used

A

abdominal
internal intercostals

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33
Q

Rule #1

A

high pressure to low pressure

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34
Q

Boyle’s law

A

pressure in a closed container w flexible walls is INVERSELY RELATED to its volume

pressure goes up
volume goes down

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35
Q

when mm’s contract during inhalation the volume of thoracic cavity does what and the pressure does what

A

volume INCREASES

pressure DECREASES

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36
Q

what does surfactant do

A

limits expansion (inhalation) prevents damage
allows for easier reinflation after exhalation

PREVENTS COLLAPSE

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37
Q

DALTON’S LAW

A

mixture of gases

each gas in mixture has its own pressure

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38
Q

henry’s law

A

gases in soluations

PROPORTIONAL

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39
Q

where does internal respiration take place

A

gases in bloodstream diffuse into tissues

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40
Q

during breathing is the epiglottis open

A

YES

closed during swallowing

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41
Q

what do leydig cells do

A

exist between sperm producing cells

make testosterone

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42
Q

name the tonsils (3 of them) 5 total

A

pharyngeal
2 palatine (removed)
2 lingual

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43
Q

innate immunity

A

first and second defence

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44
Q

adaptive immunity

A

cell mediated and antibody mediated

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45
Q

first line of defence

A

skin
mucous membranes
epidermis
hairs
cilia
fluids in general
LYSOZOMES

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46
Q

second line of defence

A

internal antimicrobial cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
natural killer cells
neutrophils
macrophages

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47
Q

phagocytosis (5 steps)

A

chemotaxis
adherence
ingestion
digestion
death

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48
Q

PRISH

A

PAIN
REDNESS
IMMOBILITY
SWELLING
HEAT

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49
Q

VET steps

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability

Emigration of phagocytes

Tissue repair - proliferation happens

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50
Q

Kinins cause pain and affect nerve endings

A

prostaglandins intensify and prolong pain

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51
Q

where do B and T cells originate and mature

A

B cells - bone marrow
T cells - bone marrow and mature in thymus

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52
Q

route of lymph fluid in nodes

ASTMEH

A

afferent
subscapular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus
efferent
hilum

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53
Q

red pulp

A

RBCS die
platelet storage
blood cells produced during fetal life

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54
Q

white pulp

A

B & T cells carry about immune functions
pathogens are destroyed

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55
Q

how cytotoxic T cells kill stuff

A

perforins, granzymes, grunulysin

poking holes in cell membrane
extracellular fluid comes into cell and it bursts (CYTOLYSIS)

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56
Q

what type of cell is a plasma cell

A

B cell
makes antibodies

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57
Q

what is MALT

A

mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

in lamina propria layer of mucous membrane in the tracts

(GI, urinary, reproduction)

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58
Q

order of lymph flow

A

out of bloodstream
blood capillaries
interstitial space
lymph capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph trunks
ducts
back to bloodstream via internal jugular and subclavian veins

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59
Q

what kind of vit deficiency leads to scurvy, hydroproxline

A

vitamin C

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60
Q

what kind of nephron is most common in kidney

A

cortical

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61
Q

what are the 2 G words in the post absorptive state (fasting)

A

gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis

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62
Q

what are the 2 G words in the absorptive state (just ate)

A

glycogenesis

glycolysis

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63
Q

metabolic process involving production of glucose from fat and protein

A

gluconeogenesis

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64
Q

micelles help w what?

A

lipid absorption and intracellular storage

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65
Q

chylomicrons help w ?

A

lipid transport

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66
Q

salts from bile that emulsion fat form micelles then what

A

fats absorbed through lacteals –> modified to chylomicron to be transported

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67
Q

what is the myenteric plexus for

A

mix food
mechanical digestion
MOTILITY

68
Q

what is the submucosal responsible for

A

SECRETIONS IN GI TRACT

69
Q

where do most amino acids and glucose gets absorbed

A

proximal convoluted tubule

70
Q

where does cell mediated immunity take place

A

w T cells INSIDE THE CELLL
INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS

71
Q

in order for air to rush into the lungs the diaphragm needs to contract which does what?

A

decreases pressure inside

72
Q

how does electricity travel through the heart

A

SA node (pacemaker)
AV node
bundle of His
purkinje fibers

73
Q

how does our body absorb fat and what’s specialized structures exist for it

A

LACTEALS

take up lipids too large to cross membrane

74
Q

what does the right duct drain

A

right upper body and head

left- everything else

75
Q

specialized lymph w lipids is called ?

A

chyle

76
Q

what does cisterna chyli do and where does it originate

A

left thoracic duct

collects lymph from lumbar and intestinal trunks

77
Q

antibody that is most abundant, crosses placenta, long term immunity, found in blood

A

IgG

78
Q

IgA

A

breast milk
saliva
mucous

79
Q

antibody found in blood and lymph, APPEARS FIRST, activates complement system

A

IgM

80
Q

antibody found on surface of B cells, activate B cells

A

IgD

81
Q

antibody found on mast cells and basophils
involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms

A

IgE

82
Q

what cells have MHC1

A

plasma membranes of all cells

except RBC

83
Q

where are MHC II

A

antigen presenting cells
B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells

84
Q

layers of GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa/adventitia

85
Q

greater omentum drapes over the

A

transverse colon
small intestines

86
Q

lesser omentum connects to what

A

stomach
duodenum

87
Q

mesentery binds what

A

sm intestine
binds the jejunum and the ileum of sm intestine

largest fold in peritoneum

88
Q

mesocolon

A

large intestine

bind transverse colon and sigmoid colon

89
Q

what is the only organ attached to the abdominal wall

A

liver by the
falciform ligament

90
Q

where are the salivary glands

A

parotid - cheek

submandibular - floor of mouth

sublingual - beneath tongue

91
Q

liver receives blood form

A

hepatic artery - delivers oxygenated blood from general circulation

hepatic portal vein - delivers deoxygenated blood w nutrients

goes out of liver via hepatic vein back to heart

92
Q

what do chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen
gastric lipase

93
Q

what do parietal cells produce

A

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

94
Q

what is rugae

A

large folds in the stomach that allow it to expand

95
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

secrete glucagon, insulin, gastrin
pancreatic juices
enzymes

96
Q

what does the gallbladder do

A

stores bile

97
Q

hepatic portal vein brings nutrient rich blood to where

A

to liver from sm intestine

98
Q

portal triad

A

bile duct
hepatic artery branch
hepatic portal vein branch

BLOOD FLOWS AWAY FROM TRIAD

99
Q

what does cholecystokinin do

A

causes gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes

100
Q

where does most absorption happen

A

small intestine

101
Q

what are brush border enzymes and what do they do

A

found in plasma membrane of microvilli

digest carbs, proteins, nucleotides

102
Q

conduction vs convection

A

conduction = heat exchange in direct contact

convection = transfer of heat by movement of air or differing temps

103
Q

steps in order in cellular respiration and where they happen

A
  1. glycolysis - cytosol
  2. formation of acetyl coenzyme A - mitochondria
  3. krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix
  4. electron transport chain - electron transport chain
104
Q

if we dont immediately need ATP or glucose we store it by a process called _____

A

glycogenesis

and then use the stored form in a process called glycogenolysis

105
Q

what is required for entry into krebs cycle

A

actely coenzyme A

106
Q

3 key molecules of metabolism

A

acetyl coenzyme A
glucose 6 phosphate
pyruvic acid

107
Q

what vitamins are water soluble

A

B, C

108
Q

what vits are fat soluble

A

K A D E

109
Q

What does the duodenum secrete

A

CCK

110
Q

what do brush border enzymes do

A

absorb most nutrients in the digestive tract

111
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

the process of taking stored form of glucose and converts it back into a simple glucose molecule to make ATP

112
Q

what structures are in the pharynx in order

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

113
Q

what are the folds called in the sm and large intestine

A

plicae circulares

teniae , houstra

114
Q

vit D

A

regulates calcium, Magnesium, phosphate

causes rickets, osteomalacia if deficient

115
Q

B1 deficiency

A

beri beri

116
Q

B3 deficiency

A

pallegra

117
Q

B9 deficiency

A

spina bifida

118
Q

B12 deficiency

A

anemia

119
Q

what amino acids are non essential

AAASG

A

all A words
S word
G word

no words that start with these letters are in the essential amino acid list

120
Q

fats needed from diet

A

omega 3,6

121
Q

where is fat stored

A

adipose tissue and liver

122
Q

what does a paracrine hormone do

A

act on neighboring cells

123
Q

what are endocrine hormones

A

circulating hormones

124
Q

what do somatotrophs produce

A

human growth hormone

from

ant pituitary gland

125
Q

ant pituitary gland releases

A

hGh, tsh, fsh, lh, prl, acth, msh

126
Q

what hormone increases GFR

A

ANP

127
Q

order of filtrate passing through a nephron

P D A D CD

A

PCT
DESCEDING LIMB
ASCENDING LIMB
DCT
COLLECTING DUCT

128
Q

what hormone increases permeability by increasing aquaporins

A

ADH

ADH = aquaporins

129
Q

what do juxtaglomerular cells do

A

sense pressure changes
in wall of AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

SECRETE RENIN TO START RAAS

130
Q

what do macula densa cells do

A

sense OSMORALITY
outside JGA
in ASCENDING LOOP
in wall of AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
AUTO REGULATION OF GFR

131
Q

what is responsible for autoregulation of kidneys

A

macula densa cells

132
Q

what does the PCT do

A

most absorption of amino acids

NaCl
glucose
H2O
HCO3

133
Q

what does the PCT secrete

A

urea
H+
NHA
creatine

134
Q

ASCENDING LOOP

A

NOT PERMEABLE

ABSORBS NaCl, K

135
Q

where does aldosterone / ADH work

A

DCT

secretes K, H+

136
Q

what does ANP do to GFR

A

increase

DECREASE BP,BV

137
Q

what does angiotensinogen II do

A

DECREASE GFR

INCREASE BP, BV

138
Q

blood supply and flow of kidneys

A

renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar
arcuate
cortical radiate
afferent arterioles

139
Q

Hepatic artery does what

A

bring o2 rich blood to LIVER from general circulation

140
Q

what does the hepatic portal do

A

bring nutrient rich blood to LIVER from sm intestine

141
Q

cellular respiration in order

A

glycolysis
pyruvate to AcCoa
AcCoa to kreb cycle
ETC

142
Q

where does fertilization happen

A

AMPULLA

143
Q

what two G words are in the fasting state (post absorptive)

A

glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis

144
Q

essential fats

A

linoleic omega - 6

alpha linolenic- OMEGA 3

145
Q

blood flowing through heart

A

tricuspid
pulmonary
mitral
aortic

146
Q

what does CCK do

A

make gallbladder release bile
makes pancreas release digestive enzymes

147
Q

chylomicrons =

A

lipid transport

148
Q

calcitonin comes from where

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid

149
Q

aldosterone comes from

A

adrenal cotrex

ZONA GLOMERULOSA

150
Q

where does somatostatin come from

A

delta cells

inhibits glucagon and insulin

151
Q

what comes from pit gland

A

ADH
oxytocin

152
Q

glucagon comes from

A

alpha cells that INCREASE glucose

153
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

increase calcitonin = decreased osteoclasts

change level of calcium in blood
inhibit OSTEOCLASTS

decreased calcium
decreased calcitonin = increased calcium

154
Q

PARATHYROID hormone = changes level of calcium in blood

A

increase PTH = INCREASED calcium
decreased PTH = decreased calcium

155
Q

lesser omentum connects what

A

stomach and duodenum

156
Q

conduction zone ends at

A

terminal bronchioles

157
Q

layers of uterus

A

perimetrium –> myometrium –> endometrium

158
Q

route of lymph within lymph node

A

subscapular sinus
trabeculae sinus
medullary sinus

159
Q

what type of cell doesnt have MHC 2

A

T cells

160
Q

what metabolic process involves production of pyruvate from glucose

A

glycolysis

161
Q

what starts happening in post absorptive state

A

glycogenolysis

162
Q

an irregular heartbeat could be caused by too much or too little

A

potassium
iodine

163
Q

somatotrophs secretes what

A

human growth hormone

164
Q

glucagon stimulates what

A

glycogenolysis

165
Q

thyrotrophs secrete what

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

166
Q

gonadotrophs stimulate what

A

FSH and LH

167
Q

pathway of blood through heart

A

superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
LUNGS = becomes oxygenated
O2 blood returns
pulmonary vein
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
body

A&P II (10 decks)

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