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biology 122 > Unit 2 (Cells & Organelles) 💜🧡 > Flashcards

Unit 2 (Cells & Organelles) 💜🧡 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell? Why are cells important?

A
  1. A living structure composed on non-living parts.
  2. They compose ALL living things.
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2
Q

What are the two basic types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What organisms are classified as Prokaryotic cells? What are Eukaryotic?

A
  1. Archaea & Bacteria
  2. Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
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4
Q

What are the main differences between E and P cells? (2 differences)

A
  1. Only E cells have membrane- bound organelles. P cells dont.
  2. P cells usually only have a single circular chromosome. E cells have pairs of chromosomes.
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5
Q

What is the typically size of Eukaryotic cells in animals?

A

About ~10-40 um (microns) wide

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6
Q

What is the typical size of a P cell?

A

About ~1-2 um (microns) wide

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7
Q

What is the relationship between cell walls and E/P cells?

A
  1. Some E cells have cell walls (plants, fungi, etc.)
  2. P cells always have cell walls.
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8
Q

Biological membranes are _______ bilayers embedded with _______.

A
  1. phospholipid
  2. proteins
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9
Q

What type of proteins are found in a phospholipid bilayer?

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Glycoprotein
  3. Glycolipid
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10
Q

What is the Fluid-Mosaic structure?

A

It’s a structural way for us to understand the phospholipid bilayer structure (model)

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11
Q

What does the Nucleus contain? In what type of cells are nuclei found?

A
  1. The nucleus contains the nuclear DNA.
  2. Eukaryotic Cells
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12
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed in? What is it called?

A

The nucleus is enclosed by a double lipid bilayer with pores. It’s called the nucleus membrane. Pores (RNA moves out to do it’s job)

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13
Q

What is a nucleoli? Where is it found? How many are there usually?

A
  1. It’s the site where ribosomal subunits are assembled.
  2. In the nucleus.
  3. One or more.
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14
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Everything between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane. (The organelles and cytosol)

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15
Q

What is the nuclear membrane? (NM)

A

It’s the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is the plasma membrane? (PM)

A

Another word for the cell membrane.

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17
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The area in between the organelles in a cell, within the cytoplasm. Basically, the fluid parts of the cytoplasm.

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18
Q

What are ribosomes? What is their purpose?

A
  1. Ribosomes are RNA proteins. They don’t have membranes.
  2. They synthesize (make) proteins.
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19
Q

What are RNA protein complexes?

A

This is a fancy name for ribosomes.

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20
Q

Where can you find ribosomes?

A

Either floating in the cytosol, or bound to the ER.

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21
Q

Some ribosomes are attached to the ER, what are they doing? What about the ones floating around doing?

A
  1. They synthesize (make) proteins to be exported from the cell.
  2. They synthesize (make) proteins that will stay inside the cell.
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22
Q

What do most antibiotics target in our bodies? Why?

A
  1. The bacteria’s ribosomes.
  2. Bacteria (Prokaryotes) has slightly different ribosomes.
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23
Q

What is the Endo-membrane System? What does this system do?

A
  1. The ER, Golgi, & Transport Vesicles
  2. The E System exports things like proteins.
24
Q

What does ER stand for? What is it?

A
  1. Endoplasmic Reticulum
  2. A labyrinth providing a passage towards a cells surface/exit
25
Q

What is the Rough ER? What does it do?

A
  1. Just an ER covered with ribosomes.
  2. As ribosomes make proteins, the rough ER moves the proteins toward the the exit.
26
Q

What is the Smooth ER? What are its two jobs?

A
  1. An ER without ribosomes.
  2. The Smooth ER lipid synthesis. It also works on detoxification.
27
Q

What is lipid synthesis?

A

The creation of sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone).

28
Q

What is the Golgi Complex? What does it do?

A
  1. A stack of flattened membranous sacs.
  2. It is the place where export proteins are modified after leaving the ER.
29
Q

♥️ What is detoxification?

A

The removal of toxins (like alcohol).

30
Q

What are Transport Vesicles? What do they transport? Where do they transport?

A
  1. They are vesicles (sacks) that transport proteins from:
  2. ER-> Golgi
    Between Golgi compartments
    Golgi-> Plasma Membrane
    PM-> Cytoplasm
31
Q

What does exocytosis mean?

A

This is the term for the process of vesicles transporting proteins through the membrane. (out of the cell)

32
Q

Endocytosis

A

When a transport vesicle hits the plasma membrane and releases it’s contents into the cell/cytoplasm.

33
Q

Phagocytosis

A

When a cell ingests a large particle/structure.

34
Q

What are Lysosomes? What are there purpose? What is their interior Ph?

A
  1. These are cellular “recycling centers” that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
  2. They take all the unwanted bits and recycle them.
  3. Ph-5
35
Q

Hydrolytic Enzymes

A

Enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reaction and chop things in half (specifically poly-mono)

36
Q

What are the energy processing organelles?

A

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

37
Q

What are Chloroplasts’ purpose? Where can they be found?

A
  1. The sites of photosynthesis.
  2. Found in plants and some protists.
38
Q

What ingredients does chloroplast need to produce “energy?”
What does chloroplast produce?

A
  1. Sunlight + H2O+ CO2
  2. C6-H12-O6 (glucose)+ Oxygen (plant waste)
39
Q

What is chlorophyll? Where can it be found?

A
  1. Green pigment
  2. Found within Chloroplasts
40
Q

What kind of energy is Glucose in regards to plants?

A

Called chemical energy/potential energy. It is a form of unstable energy.

41
Q

What is the Mitochondria known for? Where can they be found?

A
  1. Being the site of Aerobic Cellular Respiration.
  2. In all Eukaryotic Cells.
42
Q

What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A

The extraction of energy from food molecules using oxygen.

43
Q

What goes into the Mitochondria? What do they produce?

A
  1. Glucose+ O2
  2. CO2+H2O
44
Q

Why are ADP/ATP so different?

A

ADP’s phosphates make energy, but ATP’s phosphates make much more energy. The singular added phosphate makes the chemical much more volatile/energetic.

45
Q

Summarize what Mitochondria do. Why is this action important?

A
  1. They take ADP and add on a phosphate to make ATP.
  2. ATP is a form of energy for the cell.
46
Q

What is the universal cellular energy currency?

A

ATP

47
Q

What do Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have in common?(4)

A
  1. They both have their own circular DNA chromosomes
  2. They both have prokaryotic like ribosomes
  3. They both replicate independently
  4. Are enclosed by a double membrane (inner/outer membrane) (membrane 1 and 2)
48
Q

What is The Endosymbiont Theory?

A

The theory of origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts- theorizing that they are direct descendants of ancient phagocytose bacteria.

49
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and it’s purpose? What are the two components they are made up of?

A
  1. It’s a network of protein fibers that supports cell structure. (muscles/bones)
  2. Micro-filaments & Micro-tubules. (u-fila/u-tub)
50
Q

What are micro filaments/tubules?

A

What makes up the cytoskeleton.

51
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

They are storage organelles

52
Q

What is chromatin? Where can it be found?

A
  1. A bunch of DNA condensed together. Makes up chromatids/ chromosomes .
  2. Found in the cell’s nucleus.
53
Q

What are the four important structures of the mitochondria? (Draw the bean structure)

A
  1. Inner membrane
  2. Outer membrane
  3. Inter-membrane space
  4. Matrix
54
Q

What are two examples of vacuoles in cells?

A
  1. Plant cells generally have a “central vacuole”, that stores water.
  2. Fat cells have a vacuole that stores fat.
55
Q

What is another way of saying “fat cells”

A

Adipose cells

biology 122 (20 decks)

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