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Geology > Test 2 (Lectures 4-8) Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Test 2 (Lectures 4-8) Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are metamorphic rocks?

A

Pre-existing rocks that have undergone solid-state changes

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1
Q

What does the word “meta” stand for?

A

Change

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2
Q

What does the word “morphe” stand for?

A

Form

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3
Q

The preexisting rocks that are altered during metamorphism are called

A

Protoliths

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4
Q

Metamorphism can alter to what type of protoliths?

A
  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
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5
Q

Protoliths undergo changes in what?

A
  • Texture
  • Mineralogy
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6
Q

Why do protoliths undergo these changes?

A

They can happen due to:
- temperature
- pressure
- tectonic stress
- the amount of reactive water

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7
Q

What are some metamorphic processes?

A
  • Recrystallization
  • Neocrystallization
  • Pressure solution
  • Plastic Deformation
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8
Q

What is recrystallization?

A

When minerals change shape and size through dissolution and growth of crystals. Ex - limestone to marble

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9
Q

What is neocrystallization?

A

Formation of new metamorphic minerals from old (those from protoliths)

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10
Q

What is pressure solution?

A

When mineral grains partially dissolve where their surfaces press together

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11
Q

What is plastic deformation?

A

When mineral grains soften and deform when rock is squeezed or sheared at elevated temperature and pressure

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12
Q

What are the two different kinds of differential stress?

A
  • Normal
  • Shear
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13
Q

Why does differential stress occur?

A

It’s a result of tectonic forces

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14
Q

Mountain building creates a horizontal compression ___; rifting creates a horizontal extension _____

A

Push; pull

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15
Q

How does normal stress work?

A

Operates perpendicular to a surface

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16
Q

What is compression?

A

Push-together normal stress

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17
Q

What is tension?

A

Pull-apart normal stress

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18
Q

How does shear stress work?

A

It acts as a parallel to the surface

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19
Q

How does differential stress occur?

A

It causes inadequate mineral shapes to align in preferred orientations

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20
Q

Why does foliation develop?

A

The rocks have been subjected to differential stress

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21
Q

What is foliation?

A

A planar fabric that cuts through the rock

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22
Q

What are some foliated metamorphic rocks?

A
  • Phyllite
  • Schist
  • Metaconglomerate
  • Gneiss
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23
Q

What are some non-foliated metamorphic rocks?

A
  • Quartzite
  • Marble
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24
Q

What are the different types of metamorphism?

A
  • Thermal
  • Burial
  • Dynamic
  • Regional
  • Hydrothermal
  • Subduction
  • Shock
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25
Q

What is contact (or thermal) metamorphism?

A

Metamorphism that is due to heat from a body of magma invading host rock

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26
Q

Dynamic metamorphism involves

A

A breakage of rock by shearing within a fault zone

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27
Q

When does dynamothermal tend to occur?

A

It occurs during the development of mountain belts. This process is also called regional metamorphism.

28
Q

What does directed compression do?

A

Smashes pre-existing rocks and buries them deeply where they get heated by geothermal gradient and plutonic intrusions

29
Q

What is hydrothermal metamorphism?

A

When hot, chemically, aggressive water chemically alters basalt

30
Q

What is subduction metamorphism?

A

When trenches and accretionary prisms have a low geothermal gradient

31
Q

What are shields?

A

Large regions of ancient high-grade metamorphic rocks are exposed in continental interiors

32
Q

Mountains occur in elongate curvilinear ____ or ____

A

Belts; orogens

33
Q

Mountain building is a process called

A

Orogenesis

34
Q

Mountains reflect the geologic processes of

A
  • Uplift
  • Deformation
  • Metamorphism
35
Q

Mountain building involves many geological processes such as

A
  • Deformation
  • Jointing
  • Faulting
  • Forming
36
Q

What does deformation do?

A

It changes the character of rocks

37
Q

Where does brittle deformation mainly occur?

A

It occurs in the shallower crust

38
Q

What are the two major deformation styles?

A

Brittle and ductile

39
Q

What is strain?

A

The change in shape caused by deformation or by a leading force (stress)

40
Q

Stress

A

Force applied across a unit area

41
Q

What are the different types of stress?

A
  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Shear
  • Pressure
42
Q

What is compression?

A

When an object is squeezed

43
Q

What is tension?

A

When the ends of an object are pulled apart

44
Q

What is shear?

A

When surface slide past each other

45
Q

What is pressure?

A

When an object feels the same pressure from all sides

46
Q

The geometry of planar surfaces during rock formation is described using

A

Strike and slip

47
Q

Dip is always ___ to strike

A

perpendicular

48
Q

What are joints?

A

Planar rock features without any offset to develop from tensile stress in brittle rock

49
Q

Fractures filled with minerals are called

A

Veins

50
Q

What are faults?

A

Planar fractures that show offset

51
Q

The amount of offset is called?

A

Displacement

52
Q

What are some fault motions?

A
  • Dip-slip faults
  • Strike-slip faults
  • Oblique slip faults
53
Q

In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves..

A

Down

54
Q

In a reverse fault, the hanging wall moves…

A

Up

55
Q

In a thrust fault the hanging wall is..

A

A reverse fault with a 30-degree dip

56
Q

Strike-slip faults have fault motion ____ to the strike of the fault

A

Parallel

57
Q

Slickensides and linear grooves are

A

Slip lineations

58
Q

Fault scarps are visible when

A

Faults intersect the surface

59
Q

What is a hinge?

A

A line along which curvature is greatest

60
Q

What are limbs?

A

Less curved “sides” of a fold

61
Q

What does the axial plane do?

A

Connect hinges of successive layers

62
Q

What is an anticline?

A

A fold that looks like an arch

63
Q

What is a syncline?

A

A fold that opens outward like a through

64
Q

What is a dome?

A

A fold with the appearance of an overturned bowl

65
Q

What is a basin?

A

A fold shaped like an upright bowl

66
Q

Where are the youngest rocks found in a basin?

A

They’re found in the basin

67
Q

Where are the youngest rocks found in a dome?

A

They’re found in the sides or the corners

Geology (19 decks)

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