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Geology > Test 3 (Lectures 9-12) Pt. 1 > Flashcards

Test 3 (Lectures 9-12) Pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are volcanic areas a good area to live in?

A

They make really fertile soil, which in turn produces good crops

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2
Q

What 4 primary settings do volcanic activity occur in?

A
  • Isolated hot spots/mantle plumes
  • Volcanic arcs bordering deep ocean trenches
  • Mid-ocean ridges (divergent plate boundaries)
  • Continental rifts (divergent plate boundaries)
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3
Q

Where are volcanoes mainly located in Earth?

A

They are mainly found in:
- Plate boundaries (more specifically the Pacific Ocean boundary)
- Subduction zones

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4
Q

What is the name of the region where volcanoes are mainly found in?

A

Ring of Fire

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5
Q

When mantle plumes break out in the surface they create…?

A

Large Igneous Provinces

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6
Q

Hot spots are always…

A

Stationary

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7
Q

What type of lava flows out more easily?

A

Mafic

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8
Q

Which volcano would have mafic lava that flows easily and spreads out?

A

Shield volcanoes

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9
Q

Which volcano has felsic lavas?

A

Stratovolcanoes made up of rhyolite

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10
Q

Shield volcanoes are made up of…?

A

Basalt

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11
Q

What type of rock releases more gas?

A

Mafic

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12
Q

Stratovolcanoes are more ____-rich?

A

Felsic

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13
Q

Shield volcanoes are more ___-rich?

A

Mafic

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14
Q

How is a caldera formed?

A

When the magma chamber collapses forming a gigantic volcanic depression

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15
Q

Lava domes are referred to as…

A

Resurgent domes

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16
Q

Smaller volcanoes are referred to as…

A

Cinder cones/scoria cones

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17
Q

Falling ash is referred to as..

A

Tephra

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18
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

Superheated clouds of gas, ash, and debris

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19
Q

Lahars is a combination of …

A

Mud, ash, water, etc

20
Q

Earthquakes tend to occur more in a ____ zone

A

Fault

21
Q

Most earthquakes are caused by…

A

Tectonic plates interacting with each other in a fault zone

22
Q

We know the layers of the Earth through….

A

Seismic activity

23
Q

What are faults?

A

Displacements of the ground

24
Q

What is an epicenter?

A

Point of the surface where the earthquake occurred

25
Q

What is the focus/hypocenter?

A

Area where the earthquake occurred underground

26
Q

What are the two main groups of seismic waves?

A
  • Body waves
  • Surface waves
27
Q

What type of waves are faster? Body or surface waves?

A

Body waves

28
Q

What type of waves are considered more destructive? Body or surface waves?

A

Surface waves

29
Q

What are the two different types of body waves?

A
  • Primary (P) waves
  • Secondary/Shear (S) waves
30
Q

What is the flow of motion for P-waves?

A

They move by compressing and expanding back and forth

31
Q

What states of matter can P-waves flow through?

A

Solids, liquids, and gases

32
Q

What is the flow of motion for S-waves?

A

They travel by moving materials up and down like a rollercoaster

33
Q

What states of matter can S-waves travel through?

A

They can travel through solids but never liquids and gases

34
Q

What are the two different surface waves?

A
  • Love (L) waves
  • Raleigh (R) waves
35
Q

Which wave comes first? Love or Raleigh?

A

Love waves

36
Q

What is the flow of motion for Love waves?

A

They move side to side like a slithering snake

37
Q

What is the flow of motion for Raleigh waves?

A

They have a rotating motion

38
Q

What type of waves are more destructive?

A

Surface waves

39
Q

What instrument do we use to measure Earthquakes?

A

Seismometer

40
Q

What does a seismometer do?

A

It records ground motion and it measures wave arrivals and then the magnitude of each motion

41
Q

How many stations are needed to pinpoint the epicenter?

A

3 or more stations

42
Q

Earthquake size is described by two different measurements, what are they?

A
  • Intensity - The severity of the damage
  • Magnitude - The amount of energy released by the earthquake
43
Q

What does the Mercalli intensity scale measure?

A
  • It measures the amount of shaking damage. They have Roman numerals to measure the damage. The scale is subjective because it’s based on opinions.
44
Q

What do shaking and damage of an earthquake depend on?

A
  • The magnitude of the earthquake
  • Distance of the focus
  • Nature of subsurface material
  • Bedrock has less damage
  • Sediments have more amplified damage
45
Q

Can we predict earthquakes?

A

Both yes and no. For yes, they can be predicted in the long term. For no, they can’t be predicted for the short term.

46
Q

What human activities can cause Earthquakes?

A

Deep Waste Disposal
Nuclear/ Bomb Explosions

47
Q

What kind of fault is the San Andreas fault?

A

A strike-slip fault with a right lateral

Geology (19 decks)

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